The power from the battery drives the electric machine (EM). The EM works as a motor to propel the vehicle when positive power is fed in and as a generator when negative power is fed
in. EM is modeled as a look-up table with motor-generator characteristics (efficiency curve) of a BLDC motor MC_PM8 of 8 kW from ADVISOR. This motor is downsized to that of
8 kWtomeet the specifications provided. Downsizing is done by reducing the torque with a scale factor determined by the ratio of the default power (8 kW) and the required power (7 kW).