While mode shift away from driving alone is the primary objective of most of the TDM incentive programs reviewed, there are other means for yielding the desired outcomes without shifting mode. One method is to shift the focus on the time of the trip or the quantity of the trip consumed (i.e., vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Researchers focused the evaluation on the feasibility of reducing individual VMT rather than changing mode as a means of achieving the outcomes of reduced congestion and emissions. Respondents were asked how much VMT he or she could save per month. The research team used this
information to gauge respondents’ ability to reduce their VMT. Similar to interest in switching modes, a large percentage of respondents stated that they probably could not reduce their monthly VMT. However, the respondents indicated VMT reduction was the preferred approach compared to the mode shifting approach. The survey also investigated respondents’ preference toward different incentive schemes including the amount of incentives.