INTRODUCTION
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a common condition
affecting patients’ health-related quality of life
(HRQOL) worldwide, and its frequency is increasing
exponentially (Garin et al., 2009). People with CHF
have shown a lower HRQOL than the general population
(Ekman, Fagerberg, & Lundman, 2002) due to
progressive symptoms, disability, and frequent hospitalization
(De Jong, Moser, & Chung, 2005). They have