complex, involve many variables, and take longer to solve than problems that are straightforward, relatively obvious, or narrowly defined. Typically, unstructured problems require several iterations of problem solving.
The tentative alternative solution loop has two hazards. Some managers spend excessive time and resources seeking the optimal solution when another solution is acceptable. In addition, extensive attention to activities in the loop and reiteration may be an excuse for not taking action. “I need more information” may be an excuse to procrastinate and make no decision (Etzioni, 1989).
Developing and Applying Decision Criteria [4] The alternatives that met the general criteria applied in the tentative alternative solution loop [3] are now ready for formal assessment. To select the best of several alternatives, managers must develop decision criteria that allow alternative solutions to be evaluated and compared [4]. The decision criteria include those in the “Desired Outcomes” cell in the center of Figure 2–3: individual and organizational work results, objectives, standards, and expectations. At least three other decision criteria are usually applied: effectiveness of the alternative in solving the problem, feasibility of implementation, and acceptability of the alternative based on objective and subjective analyses (Pearce & Robinson, 1989).
Alternatives that are not effective in solving the problem should be rejected. Examples are alternatives that solve only part of a problem, address only symptoms, or are not permanent. Exceptions may be necessary, however. For example, if the need for action is critical, it may be appropriate to select and implement a less-than-optimal solution because the consequences of doing nothing or waiting for a better solution are worse.
The feasibility of implementing an alternative is the second common decision criterion. Infeasible alternatives will be rejected in the tentative alternative solution loop. Those that survive may be implemented to varying degrees in terms of effort; structural boundaries and constraints; dependence on other people, departments, or both; and costs. Managers are less likely to select an alternative that depends on