According to the Dorfman et al. (2004), their research can be considered an
extension of Hofstede's work (p. 25). The GLOBE study created "a very adequate dataset
to replicate Hofstede's landmark study and extend that study to test hypotheses relevant
to relationships among societal-level variables, organizational practices, and leader
attributes and behavior" (p. 25). The GLOBE study incorporated some cultural
assessment variables similar to Hofstede's (1981) value dimensions of uncertainty
avoidance, collectivism, individualism, and masculinity. The research scope of the
GLOBE study incorporated differences in leadership styles affiliated with different
cultural styles from data collected between 1994 and1997: