Learners will generate learning outcomes in terms of both domain knowledge and 21st century skills in the
abovementioned learning process. Research community needs to investigate the effective ways to assess 21st century
skills on top of domain knowledge at different stages of such learning process, in order to support K-12 schools on
the appropriate and simultaneous measurement of learners’ knowledge and skills development.
The successful implementation of the abovementioned learning process requires teachers to realize the vision of
promoting 21st century skills among learners; master the skills in facilitating active, constructive and interactive
learning process among learners; master the orchestration of digital and non-digital resources; and recognize the
72 equal importance of academic achievement and 21st century skills as learning outcomes in school education. The
current teacher development related to e-learning has to be adjusted to prepare teachers to transform their beliefs and
practice in these four aspects (Kong & Song, 2013). The focus of such adjustment will be placed on the impact of the
teacher development programs on teachers’ motivational change and then practice changes for learner-centered
learning, but not only the integration of IT use or technological support in the delivery of teacher development
programs. One important focus of future teacher development program, as mentioned, is the orchestration of
resources in digital and conventional non-digital form for supporting learning and teaching in digital classrooms
(Nussbaum, Dillenbourg, Dimitriadis, & Roschelle, 2013). Orchestration refers to how a teacher manages, in real
time, multi-layered activities in a multi-constraints context (Dillenbourg, 2013). Considering that teachers fail to
adopt many research-based learning technologies, the orchestration view privileges the process of adoption and
adaptation in an effort to bring the dilemmas of practice into focus.