During the past few decades, several approaches have been used for developing low cost pretreatments for generating sugar syrups fromcellulose and hemicellulose [53]. Different pretreatment studies published in literature are described in terms of the mechanisms involved, advantages and disadvantages, and economic assessment.
Pretreatments for lignocellulosic biomass include biological,mechanical, chemical methods and various combinations thereof [54e56]. The choice of the optimum pretreatment process depends on the feedstocks and its economic assessment and environmental impact. There are a number of reports on pretreatment options for
various biomass types.