2.3. Coliform
Fecal contamination of drinking water is the major pathway of infection
for humans and several studies correlate the concentration of fecal
coliform with diarrhea [19]. However, the threshold, above which there
is a significant risk of diarrhea, is not yet clear. For example, the current
WHO guidelines recommend that drinking water that is safe for human
consumption should have no detectable amounts (FCU = 0.100 ml−1
).
On the other hand, Moe et al. [33] evaluated the effect of contaminated
source water on diarrhea in the Philippines and found no evidence of an
association between CF and diarrhea at the 1 total coliform (counted as
Escherichia coli) threshold level. However, significant associations with
diarrhea were observed at the 1000 total coliform level. Singh et al.
[48] reported similar results in a study developed in India. In this
sense, some authors suggest that a tolerant drinking water level
(beyond the 1 total coliform threshold) might be acceptable in developing
countries, where better quality sources are not accessible [33,48].
Contrary, Gruber et al. [19] found an elevated risk of diarrhea at a total
coliform threshold of 1. These results support current WHO guidelines,
regardless of location.
2.3. ColiformFecal contamination of drinking water is the major pathway of infectionfor humans and several studies correlate the concentration of fecalcoliform with diarrhea [19]. However, the threshold, above which thereis a significant risk of diarrhea, is not yet clear. For example, the currentWHO guidelines recommend that drinking water that is safe for humanconsumption should have no detectable amounts (FCU = 0.100 ml−1).On the other hand, Moe et al. [33] evaluated the effect of contaminatedsource water on diarrhea in the Philippines and found no evidence of anassociation between CF and diarrhea at the 1 total coliform (counted asEscherichia coli) threshold level. However, significant associations withdiarrhea were observed at the 1000 total coliform level. Singh et al.[48] reported similar results in a study developed in India. In thissense, some authors suggest that a tolerant drinking water level(beyond the 1 total coliform threshold) might be acceptable in developingcountries, where better quality sources are not accessible [33,48].Contrary, Gruber et al. [19] found an elevated risk of diarrhea at a totalcoliform threshold of 1. These results support current WHO guidelines,regardless of location.
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