The MRP II concept (manufacturing resource planning) originated in North America in the late 1960s. See [Wigh95] and [VoBe04]. MRP II was developed in branches of industry having clearly convergent product structures, such as for the construction of big machines and in the automobile and aircraft industries. Three temporal ranges of planning & control (short, medium, and long range) were basic to the MRP II concept that quite early on went beyond matters of production. Further development of the concept led to the ERP (enterprise resources planning) concept in order to include all areas of a company. See Chapter 4.