Knowledge Measures
Two knowledge tests were used in the experiment: a prior knowledge test and a posttest.
The prior knowledge test was an entrance test that contained 27 items and aimed at
measuring possible differences in the prior knowledge of the students. The posttest contained 19 items and was meant to measure the effects of instructional method on learning
outcomes. The prior knowledge test contained 14 conceptual and 13 procedural items.
The posttest contained 14 conceptual items and five procedural items. Because the depth
of understanding required to answer problems depends on their level of complexity, we
included both simple and complex items on the posttest.