of the 1990s, and secondly, the more recent controversies around 'glob การแปล - of the 1990s, and secondly, the more recent controversies around 'glob เวียดนาม วิธีการพูด

of the 1990s, and secondly, the mor

of the 1990s, and secondly, the more recent controversies around 'globalization'. Of course, these two episodes do not capture everything that has been happening in the subdiscipline during this time, but they do have a certain heuristic utility in drawing out both distinctive theoretical conceptions and different empirical treatments of how, and how much, 'institutions matter'.

Flexibilism

Geographical economists like Paul Krugman will occasionally dip into economic geography, but for the most part the two subdisciplines are not on the same page, philosophically or methodologically. For Krugman, phrases like 'post-Fordism' are signifiers of politicized, qualitative research: 'if you see that', he explains, 'it means you are dealing with a member of the Derrida-influenced regulation schooldeconstructionist geography!' (quoted in Martin 1999:82). There might of course be a case for deconstructing this statement, but suffice it to say that the roots of the regulation approach lie in (structuralist) political economy, itself somewhat susceptible to poststructuralist critique (see Barnes 1996; Gibson-Graham 1996). Moreover, the regulation approachwith its emphasis on the intertwining of economic and extra-economic factors in the institutionally embedded and socially regularized process of capitalist developmentis associated with an open and under-determined stance on the issue of 'post-Fordism' (see Boyer 1990; Tickell and Peck 1995). The approach is not predictive or prescriptive, but works typically through historical analysis to identify institutionally and geographically distinctive modes of economic development, seeking to hold together an appreciation of the generic features of capitalism (such as its appropriation of nature and human labour, its surplus-generating dynamics, its crisis-proneness) with an understanding of its specific (institutional) forms in time and space. Above all, regulationists are concerned with the processes by which capitalist social relations are reproduced, regularized, and 'normalized' through a series of periodized 'regimes of accumulation', the best known of which is 'Fordism'.

The notion of Fordism centres on a series of macroeconomic and macro-institutional articulations between, first, a regime of mass production and mass consumption sustained by relatively stable (and growing) aggregate demand, and secondly, the role of the Keynesian welfare state (KWS) in maintaining full (male) employment, a secure wage, and welfare floor and macroeconomic stability. Empirically, this configuration was most closely associated with the 'Atlantic Fordist' economies of North America and Western Europe during the thirty-year 'long boom' which followed World War II, though in fact a range of nationally specific 'couplings' between Fordist accumulation and Keynesian-welfarist regulation have been identified by regulationists (see Tickell and Peck 1992). Here, conceptual emphasis is placed on these 'structural couplings'

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of the 1990s, and secondly, the more recent controversies around 'globalization'. Of course, these two episodes do not capture everything that has been happening in the subdiscipline during this time, but they do have a certain heuristic utility in drawing out both distinctive theoretical conceptions and different empirical treatments of how, and how much, 'institutions matter'.

Flexibilism

Geographical economists like Paul Krugman will occasionally dip into economic geography, but for the most part the two subdisciplines are not on the same page, philosophically or methodologically. For Krugman, phrases like 'post-Fordism' are signifiers of politicized, qualitative research: 'if you see that', he explains, 'it means you are dealing with a member of the Derrida-influenced regulation schooldeconstructionist geography!' (quoted in Martin 1999:82). There might of course be a case for deconstructing this statement, but suffice it to say that the roots of the regulation approach lie in (structuralist) political economy, itself somewhat susceptible to poststructuralist critique (see Barnes 1996; Gibson-Graham 1996). Moreover, the regulation approachwith its emphasis on the intertwining of economic and extra-economic factors in the institutionally embedded and socially regularized process of capitalist developmentis associated with an open and under-determined stance on the issue of 'post-Fordism' (see Boyer 1990; Tickell and Peck 1995). The approach is not predictive or prescriptive, but works typically through historical analysis to identify institutionally and geographically distinctive modes of economic development, seeking to hold together an appreciation of the generic features of capitalism (such as its appropriation of nature and human labour, its surplus-generating dynamics, its crisis-proneness) with an understanding of its specific (institutional) forms in time and space. Above all, regulationists are concerned with the processes by which capitalist social relations are reproduced, regularized, and 'normalized' through a series of periodized 'regimes of accumulation', the best known of which is 'Fordism'.

The notion of Fordism centres on a series of macroeconomic and macro-institutional articulations between, first, a regime of mass production and mass consumption sustained by relatively stable (and growing) aggregate demand, and secondly, the role of the Keynesian welfare state (KWS) in maintaining full (male) employment, a secure wage, and welfare floor and macroeconomic stability. Empirically, this configuration was most closely associated with the 'Atlantic Fordist' economies of North America and Western Europe during the thirty-year 'long boom' which followed World War II, though in fact a range of nationally specific 'couplings' between Fordist accumulation and Keynesian-welfarist regulation have been identified by regulationists (see Tickell and Peck 1992). Here, conceptual emphasis is placed on these 'structural couplings'

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những năm 1990, và thứ hai, những tranh cãi gần đây xung quanh 'toàn cầu hóa'. Tất nhiên, hai tập phim này không nắm bắt tất cả những gì đã xảy ra trong subdiscipline trong thời gian này, nhưng họ có một tiện ích theo kinh nghiệm nhất định trong việc vẽ ra cả hai khái niệm lý thuyết đặc biệt và phương pháp điều trị thực nghiệm khác nhau như thế nào, và bao nhiêu ", tổ chức có vấn đề '. Flexibilism kinh tế địa lý như Paul Krugman sẽ thường xuyên nhúng vào vị trí địa lý kinh tế, nhưng đối với hầu hết các phần hai tiểu ngành không trên cùng một trang, triết lý hoặc phương pháp luận. Đối với Krugman, những cụm từ như "hậu Fordism 'là signifiers của chính trị, nghiên cứu định tính:" nếu bạn thấy rằng, ông giải thích, "nó có nghĩa là bạn đang đối phó với một thành viên của Derrida chịu ảnh hưởng của quy định schooldeconstructionist địa lý!' (Trích trong Martin 1999: 82). Có thể tất nhiên là một trường hợp cho giải cấu trúc tuyên bố này, nhưng nó đủ để nói rằng nguồn gốc của lời nói dối phương pháp quy định trong (cấu trúc) kinh tế chính trị, chính nó phần nào dễ bị phê bình hậu cấu trúc (xem Barnes năm 1996; Gibson-Graham 1996). Hơn nữa, quy định approachwith sự nhấn mạnh vào tính gắn bó của các yếu tố kinh tế và kinh tế phụ trong quá trình chế nhúng và xã hội đúng quy tắc của developmentis tư liên kết với một lập trường mở và theo xác định về vấn đề "hậu Fordism '(xem Boyer 1990 ; Tickell và Peck 1995). Cách tiếp cận này không phải là tiên đoán hoặc quy tắc, nhưng hoạt động thường là thông qua phân tích lịch sử để xác định thể chế về mặt địa lý và chế độ đặc biệt của sự phát triển kinh tế, tìm cách giữ lại một sự đánh giá cao của các tính năng chung của chủ nghĩa tư bản (như chiếm đoạt của thiên nhiên và lao động của con người, thặng dư của nó đơn vị sự nghiệp năng động, khủng hoảng proneness của nó) với một sự hiểu biết cụ thể của nó (thể chế) các hình thức trong thời gian và không gian. Trên tất cả, regulationists có liên quan với các quá trình mà các mối quan hệ xã hội tư bản chủ nghĩa được sao chép, đúng quy tắc, và 'bình thường hóa' thông qua một loạt các periodized 'chế độ tích lũy ", nổi tiếng nhất trong số đó là' Fordism. Khái niệm Fordism trung vào một loạt các khớp nối kinh tế vĩ mô và vĩ mô, thể chế giữa, đầu tiên, một chế độ sản xuất hàng loạt và tiêu thụ khối lượng duy trì bởi tương đối ổn định (và phát triển) tổng cầu, và thứ hai, vai trò của nhà nước phúc lợi của Keynes (KWS) trong việc duy trì đầy đủ (nam ) việc làm, mức lương an toàn, và sàn phúc lợi và sự ổn định kinh tế vĩ mô. Theo kinh nghiệm, cấu hình này có liên quan chặt chẽ nhất với các nền kinh tế của Đại Tây Dương Fordist 'của Bắc Mỹ và Tây Âu trong suốt ba mươi năm "bùng nổ dài' mà theo sau Chiến tranh Thế giới II, mặc dù trong thực tế, một loạt các quốc gia cụ thể" khớp nối "giữa tích lũy Fordist và quy định của Keynes-welfarist đã được xác định bởi regulationists (xem Tickell và Peck 1992). Tại đây, nhấn mạnh khái niệm được đặt trên những 'khớp nối cấu trúc'







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