Sampling Procedure
The researchers applied convenience sampling strategies to
select study participants.Asample of 101 pre-service teachers
registered for Introduction to Computers participated.
Background information on the pre-service teachers was
collected via a demographic questionnaire. Participants
consisted of 31 pre-service teachers in mathematics education,
32 pre-service teachers from science education,
and 38 pre-service teachers from literacy education (see
Table 1). The instructor was from mathematics education.
Two experts, one in science education and the other in
instructional technology, helped the instructor design the
course and analyze the data.
Among the pre-service teachers from mathematics education,
19 were female, while 12 were male (N = 12) with
a mean age of 19.7. Mathematics pre-service teachers had
an average GPA of 3.22 out of 4. They reported a length of
computer use ranging from 1 to 12 years, with an average
of 4.05. Mathematics pre-service teachers also stated that
they used a computer an average of 8 h a week. They