Table 3 shows mean scores for both Chinese and U.S. students in each representation. Overall, there was a significant
difference between Chinese and U.S. students’ representational mean scores (F(2, 542) = 318.71, P < .001). A post hoc
analysis using t-tests showed that U.S. students had significantly higher representational mean scores than Chinese
students in using written words (verbal) (t = 6.88,P ≤ .01) and visual drawings (pictorial) (t = 16.14,P ≤ .001). However,
Chinese students had a significantly higher representational mean score than U.S. students in using mathematical
symbols (t = 15.85, P < .001).
Table 3 shows mean scores for both Chinese and U.S. students in each representation. Overall, there was a significantdifference between Chinese and U.S. students’ representational mean scores (F(2, 542) = 318.71, P < .001). A post hocanalysis using t-tests showed that U.S. students had significantly higher representational mean scores than Chinesestudents in using written words (verbal) (t = 6.88,P ≤ .01) and visual drawings (pictorial) (t = 16.14,P ≤ .001). However,Chinese students had a significantly higher representational mean score than U.S. students in using mathematicalsymbols (t = 15.85, P < .001).
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