By ‘liberal citizenship,’ I mean a distinct conception and institutionalization of citizenship whose primary value is to maximize individual liberty. Needless to say, different liberal theorists have defined the nature and requirements of liberty rather differently, and the incidents of liberal citizen turn on which particular version is being invoked. In Isaiah Berlin’s canonical formulation, one can view different accounts of liberalism as ranging from ‘negative liberty’ ideals that emphasize individuals’ right to be left alone and to pursue their own projects free of state compulsion, all the way to ‘positive liberty’ notions. Common to positive liberty accounts is the claim that the state should act affirmatively to create or secure those substantive entitlements (e.g. income, health care, and education) that individuals need in order to lead the dignified, independent lives essential to their freedom (Berlin, 1969).