Intranasal administration of live attenuated vaccines
Mucosally delivered live attenuated Salmonella enterica vector vaccines have been studied as a platform to deliver the model antigen tetanus toxin fragment C in neonatal mice immunized by the intranasal route at days 7 and 22 of life [79]. Salmonella live vectors colonized and persisted primarily in nasal tissue and induced high (adult level) titers of Frag C-specific antibodies, mucosal and systemic IgA- and IgG-secreting cells, T cell proliferative responses, and IFN-γ secretion. One week after the boost, a long-term mixed Th1- and Th2-type response to Frag C was established. Such effects were evident even in the presence of high levels of maternal antibodies.
Mielcarek and co-workers have developed a live attenuated strain of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough [80]. Attenuated by deletion of genes encoding tracheal cytotoxin, pertussis toxin, and dermo-necrotic toxin, the strain BPZE1 was given to infant (3 week old) and adult Balb/C mice as a single intranasal dose. This attenuated intranasal vaccine induced stronger neonatal anti-Bordetella IgG responses than the acellular pertussis vaccine, demonstrating sterilizing immunity to subsequent intranasal challenge with B. pertussis and B. parapertussis. BPZE1 induced a reduced Th2-polarized response as measured by anti-filamentous hemagglutinin IgG1/IgG21 ratio. The authors speculate that BPZE1 could also represent a platform for delivery of heterologous antigens. This study focused on a 3 week old infant mouse model, and no data were provided about potential efficacy of this attenuated strain in newborn mice. However, a different study of intranasal administration of live B. bronchispetica to 2 day-old neonatal piglets demonstrated efficacy against subsequent atrophic rhinitis challenge [81], suggesting that live attenuated Bordetella strains may induce effective immunity in newborns upon intranasal administration.
Recent studies have explored intranasal administration of E. coli-expressed rotavirus VP6 protein and the adjuvant E. coli labile toxin (LT-R192G) to neonatal (7 days old) and adult mice, and protection against fecal rotavirus shedding following challenge with the murine rotavirus strain EDIM [82]. In contrast to adult mice that developed both CD8+ T cell responses (rotavirus-inducible, Th1-cytokine producing spleenocytes) and Ab within 10 days, neonatal mice did not show protection until 28 days, at which point they possessed memory rotavirus-specific T cells, but did not produce anti-rotavirus Ab. These studies highlight the potential of intranasal immunization of newborns with live vaccines.
Intranasal administration of live attenuated vaccinesMucosally delivered live attenuated Salmonella enterica vector vaccines have been studied as a platform to deliver the model antigen tetanus toxin fragment C in neonatal mice immunized by the intranasal route at days 7 and 22 of life [79]. Salmonella live vectors colonized and persisted primarily in nasal tissue and induced high (adult level) titers of Frag C-specific antibodies, mucosal and systemic IgA- and IgG-secreting cells, T cell proliferative responses, and IFN-γ secretion. One week after the boost, a long-term mixed Th1- and Th2-type response to Frag C was established. Such effects were evident even in the presence of high levels of maternal antibodies.Mielcarek และเพื่อนร่วมงานได้พัฒนาต้องใช้ live attenuated ของ Bordetella pertussis ตัวแทนสาเหตุการของไอกรน [80] ไฟฟ้าเคร... โดยการลบรหัส cytotoxin การใส่ pertussis พิษ และพิษ dermo necrotic พันธุ์ BPZE1 ให้ทารก (3 สัปดาห์เก่า) และผู้ใหญ่หนู Balb/C เป็นปริมาณเดียว intranasal ยีน วัคซีนนี้ intranasal attenuated เกิดแข็งแกร่งทารกแรกเกิดป้องกัน Bordetella IgG ตอบกว่าวัคซีน acellular pertussis เห็น sterilizing ภูมิคุ้มกันต่อความท้าทาย intranasal pertussis เกิดและเกิด parapertussis BPZE1 เกิดการตอบสนอง Th2 polarized ลดวัดจาก hemagglutinin ต้าน filamentous IgG1/IgG21 อัตรา ผู้เขียนคาดการณ์ที่ BPZE1 จะเป็นแพลตฟอร์มที่สำหรับการจัดส่ง heterologous antigens การศึกษานี้เน้นรูปแบบเมาส์ทารกอายุ 3 สัปดาห์ และข้อมูลไม่ได้เกี่ยวกับประสิทธิภาพศักยภาพของสายพันธุ์นี้ attenuated ในหนูใหม่ อย่างไรก็ตาม การศึกษาต่าง ๆ การบริหาร intranasal สด bronchispetica เกิดการเก่า 2 ทรูดทารกแรกเกิดประสิทธิภาพสาธิตกับความท้าทายต่อ atrophic rhinitis [81], แนะนำว่า สายพันธุ์ของ Bordetella ที่ไฟฟ้าเคร...สดอาจก่อให้เกิดภูมิคุ้มกันมีประสิทธิภาพในด้านทารกแรกเมื่อจัดการ intranasalRecent studies have explored intranasal administration of E. coli-expressed rotavirus VP6 protein and the adjuvant E. coli labile toxin (LT-R192G) to neonatal (7 days old) and adult mice, and protection against fecal rotavirus shedding following challenge with the murine rotavirus strain EDIM [82]. In contrast to adult mice that developed both CD8+ T cell responses (rotavirus-inducible, Th1-cytokine producing spleenocytes) and Ab within 10 days, neonatal mice did not show protection until 28 days, at which point they possessed memory rotavirus-specific T cells, but did not produce anti-rotavirus Ab. These studies highlight the potential of intranasal immunization of newborns with live vaccines.
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