But this is an oversimplified narrative of amelioration by design. More than the realization of purposeful intentions, the outcome of design also leads to other undesirable consequences. Rattle refers to this reality of design as a form of design failure and further suggests that there are two possible kinds of design failure (Protzen & Harris, 2010: 188). A “type-1” failure occurs if the design does not accomplish what was intended; and a “type-2” failure occurs when the implementation of the design leads to side and after-effects that were unforeseen and unintended, and further, prove to be undesirable. And in the context of preceding arguments, Rattle’s typology of design failures then questions if the Semakau Landfill was truly successful.