Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common
bacterial infections in childhood [1–4]. About
19%–30% of patients experience a recurrence within
12 months of the initial UTI episode [5–8]. Childhood
UTIs cause substantial morbidity and are thought to
increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and hypertension,
so that children with recurrent UTIs are usually
subjected to long-lasting antimicrobial prophylaxis, especially
if vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is present. Adverse