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Ovi Sovina Ekawati
102300914
TBI C/ VIII


ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHERS
THE STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES
“SULTAN MAULANA HASANUDDIN BANTEN”
1435 A.H/ 2014 A.D


I. MAJOR TRENDS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY LANGUAGE TEACHING
1. A brief history of language teaching
In the sixteenth century, French, Italian, and English gained in importance as a result of political changes in Europe, and Latin gradually became displaced as a language of spoken and written communication. The study of classical Latin (the Latin in which the classical works of Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero were written) and an analysis of its grammar and rhetoric became the model for foreign language study from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries.
Toward the mid-nineteenth century several factors contributed to a questioning and rejection of the Grammar-Translation Method. Linguists too became interested in the controversies that emerged about the best way to teach foreign languages, and ideas were fiercely discussed and defended in books, articles, and pamphlets.
Other reformers toward the end of the century likewise turned their attention to naturalistic principles of language learning, and for this reason they are sometimes referred to as advocates of a "natural" method.

2. The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching
He identified three levels of conceptualization and organization, which he termed approach, method, and technique:
- An approach is a set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language teaching and learning.
- Method is an overall plan for the orderly presentation of language material, no part of which contradicts, and all of which is based upon, the selected approach.
- A technique is implementational that which actually takes place in a classroom. Techniques must be consistent with a method, and therefore in harmony with an approach as well.

3. The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching
- Language teaching begins with the spoken language. Material is taught orally before it is presented in written form.
- The target language is the language of the classroom.
- New language points are introduced and practiced situationally.
- Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that an essential general service vocabulary is covered.
- Items of grammar are graded following the principle that simple forms should be taught before complex ones.
- Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established.


4. The Audiolingual Method
The learner's activities must at first be confined to the audiolingual and gestural-visual bands of language behavior. Recognition and discrimination are followed by imitation, repetition and memorization.
The use of drills and pattern practice is a distinctive feature of the Audiolingual Method. Various kinds of drills are used includes the following:
- Repetition. The student repeats an utterance aloud as soon as he has heard it.
- Inflection. One word in an utterance appears in another form when repeated.
- Replacement. One word in an utterance is replaced by another.
- Restatement. The student rephrases an utterance and addresses it to someone else, according to instructions.
- Completion. The student hears an utterance that is complete except for one word, then repeats the utterance in completed form.
- Transposition. A .change in word order is necessary when a word is added.
- Expansion. When a word is added it takes a certain place in the sequence.
- Contraction. A single word stands for a phrase or clause.
- Transformation. A sentence is transformed by being made negative or interrogative or through changes in tense, mood, voice, aspect, or modality.
- Integration. Two separate utterances are integrated into one.
- Rejoinder. The student makes an appropriate rejoinder to a given utterance.
- Restoration. The student is given a sequence of words that have been culled from a sentence but still bear its basic meaning.


II. ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES AND METHODS
1. Total Physical Response
Total Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action; it attempts to teach language through physical (motor) activity. Procedures includes :
- Review. This was a fast-moving warm-up in which individual students were moved with commands.
- New commands. These verbs were introduced.
- Role reversal. Students readily volunteered to utter commands that manipulated the behavior of the instructor and other students ....
- Reading and writing. The instructor wrote on the chalkboard each new vocabulary item and a sentence to illustrate the item. Then she spoke each item and acted out the sentence. The students listened as she read the material. Some copied the information in their notebooks.

2. The Silent Way
The Silent Way is based on the premise that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom but the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible.
- Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or creates rather than remembers and repeats what is to be learned.
- Learning is facilitated by accompanying (mediating) physical objects.
- Learning is facilitated by problem solving involving the material to be learned.

3. Community Language Learning
In Curren's method, teachers consider students as “whole persons,” with intellect, feelings, instincts, physical responses, and desire to learn. Learners become members of a community - their fellow learners and the teacher - and learn through interacting with the community. As with most methods, CLL combines innovative learning tasks and activities with conventional ones. They include:
- Translation.
- Group work.
- Recording.
- Transcription. Students transcribe utterances and conversations they have recorded for practice and analysis of linguistic forms.
- Analysis.
- Reflection and observation. Learners reflect and report on their experience of the class, as a class or in groups.
- Listening. Students listen to a monologue by the teacher.
- Free conversation.

4. Suggestopedia
Suggestopedia is a specific set of learning recommendations derived from Suggestology, which Lozanov describes as a "science, concerned with the systematic study of the nonrational and/or nonconscious influences" that human beings are constantly responding to. Lozanov lists several expected teacher behaviors that contribute to these presentations :
- Show absolute confidence in the method.
- Display fastidious conduct in manners and dress.
- Organize properly and strictly observe the initial stages of the teaching process this includes choice and play of music, as well as punctuality.
- Maintain a solemn attitude toward the session.
- Give tests and respond tactfully to poor papers (if any).
- Stress global rather than analytical attitudes toward materiaL
- Maintain a modest enthusiasm.

5. Whole Language
The term Whole Language was created in th 1980s by a group of U.S. educators concerned with the teaching of language arts, that is, reading and writing in the native language. The Whole Language movement is strongly opposed to these approaches to teaching reading and writing and argues that language should be taught as a "whole." "If language isn't kept whole, it isn't language anymore".
The major principles underlying the design of Whole Language instruction are as follows :
- The use of authentic literature rather than artificial, specially prepared texts and exercises designed to practice individual reading skills.
- a focus on real and natural events rather than on specially written stories that do not relate to the students' experience.
- the reading of real texts of high interest, particularly literature.
- reading for the sake of comprehension and for a real purpose.
- writing for a real audience and not simply to practice writing skills.
- writing as a process through which learners explore and discover meaning.
- the use of student-produced texts rather than teacher-generated or other-generated texts.
- integration of reading, writing, and other skills.
- student-centered learning: students have choice over what they read and write, giving them power and understanding of their world.
- reading and writing in partnership with other learners.
- encouragement of risk taking and exploration and the acceptance of errors as signs of learning rather than of failure.

6. Multiple Intelligences
Multiple Intelligences (MI) refers to a learner-based philosophy that characterizes human intelligence as having multiple dimensions that must be acknowledged and developed in education. Gardner posits eight native "intelligences," which are described as follows:
- Linguistic: the ability to use language in special and creative ways, which is something lawyers, writers, editors, and interpreters are strong.
- Logical/mathematical: the ability to think rationally, often found with doctors, engineers, programmers, and scientists.
- Spatial: the ability to form mental models of the world, something architects, decorators, sculptors, and painters are good.
- Musical: a good ear for music, as is strong in singers and composers.
- Bodily/kinesthetic: having a well-coordinated body, something found in athletes a.nd craftspersons .
- Interpersonal: the ability to be able to work well with people, which is strong in salespeople, politicians, and teachers.
- Intrapersonal: the abili
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http://portal.iainbanten.ac.id/images/logo_iain.pngOvi Sovina Ekawati102300914TBI C/ VIIIENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENTFACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHERSTHE STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES“SULTAN MAULANA HASANUDDIN BANTEN”1435 A.H/ 2014 A.DI. MAJOR TRENDS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY LANGUAGE TEACHING1. A brief history of language teachingIn the sixteenth century, French, Italian, and English gained in importance as a result of political changes in Europe, and Latin gradually became displaced as a language of spoken and written communication. The study of classical Latin (the Latin in which the classical works of Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero were written) and an analysis of its grammar and rhetoric became the model for foreign language study from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries.Toward the mid-nineteenth century several factors contributed to a questioning and rejection of the Grammar-Translation Method. Linguists too became interested in the controversies that emerged about the best way to teach foreign languages, and ideas were fiercely discussed and defended in books, articles, and pamphlets.Other reformers toward the end of the century likewise turned their attention to naturalistic principles of language learning, and for this reason they are sometimes referred to as advocates of a "natural" method.2. The nature of approaches and methods in language teachingHe identified three levels of conceptualization and organization, which he termed approach, method, and technique:- An approach is a set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language teaching and learning.- Method is an overall plan for the orderly presentation of language material, no part of which contradicts, and all of which is based upon, the selected approach.- A technique is implementational that which actually takes place in a classroom. Techniques must be consistent with a method, and therefore in harmony with an approach as well.3. The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching- Language teaching begins with the spoken language. Material is taught orally before it is presented in written form.- The target language is the language of the classroom.- New language points are introduced and practiced situationally.- Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that an essential general service vocabulary is covered.- Items of grammar are graded following the principle that simple forms should be taught before complex ones.- Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established.4. The Audiolingual MethodThe learner's activities must at first be confined to the audiolingual and gestural-visual bands of language behavior. Recognition and discrimination are followed by imitation, repetition and memorization.The use of drills and pattern practice is a distinctive feature of the Audiolingual Method. Various kinds of drills are used includes the following:- Repetition. The student repeats an utterance aloud as soon as he has heard it.- Inflection. One word in an utterance appears in another form when repeated.- Replacement. One word in an utterance is replaced by another.- Restatement. The student rephrases an utterance and addresses it to someone else, according to instructions.- Completion. The student hears an utterance that is complete except for one word, then repeats the utterance in completed form.- Transposition. A .change in word order is necessary when a word is added.- Expansion. When a word is added it takes a certain place in the sequence.- Contraction. A single word stands for a phrase or clause.- Transformation. A sentence is transformed by being made negative or interrogative or through changes in tense, mood, voice, aspect, or modality.- Integration. Two separate utterances are integrated into one.- Rejoinder. The student makes an appropriate rejoinder to a given utterance.- Restoration. The student is given a sequence of words that have been culled from a sentence but still bear its basic meaning.II. ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES AND METHODS1. Total Physical ResponseTotal Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action; it attempts to teach language through physical (motor) activity. Procedures includes :- Review. This was a fast-moving warm-up in which individual students were moved with commands.- New commands. These verbs were introduced.- Role reversal. Students readily volunteered to utter commands that manipulated the behavior of the instructor and other students ....- Reading and writing. The instructor wrote on the chalkboard each new vocabulary item and a sentence to illustrate the item. Then she spoke each item and acted out the sentence. The students listened as she read the material. Some copied the information in their notebooks.2. The Silent WayThe Silent Way is based on the premise that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom but the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible.- Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or creates rather than remembers and repeats what is to be learned.- Learning is facilitated by accompanying (mediating) physical objects.- Learning is facilitated by problem solving involving the material to be learned.3. Community Language LearningIn Curren's method, teachers consider students as “whole persons,” with intellect, feelings, instincts, physical responses, and desire to learn. Learners become members of a community - their fellow learners and the teacher - and learn through interacting with the community. As with most methods, CLL combines innovative learning tasks and activities with conventional ones. They include:- Translation.- Group work.- Recording.- Transcription. Students transcribe utterances and conversations they have recorded for practice and analysis of linguistic forms.- Analysis.- Reflection and observation. Learners reflect and report on their experience of the class, as a class or in groups.- Listening. Students listen to a monologue by the teacher.- Free conversation.4. SuggestopediaSuggestopedia is a specific set of learning recommendations derived from Suggestology, which Lozanov describes as a "science, concerned with the systematic study of the nonrational and/or nonconscious influences" that human beings are constantly responding to. Lozanov lists several expected teacher behaviors that contribute to these presentations :- Show absolute confidence in the method.- Display fastidious conduct in manners and dress.- Organize properly and strictly observe the initial stages of the teaching process this includes choice and play of music, as well as punctuality.- Maintain a solemn attitude toward the session.- Give tests and respond tactfully to poor papers (if any).- Stress global rather than analytical attitudes toward materiaL- Maintain a modest enthusiasm.5. Whole LanguageThe term Whole Language was created in th 1980s by a group of U.S. educators concerned with the teaching of language arts, that is, reading and writing in the native language. The Whole Language movement is strongly opposed to these approaches to teaching reading and writing and argues that language should be taught as a "whole." "If language isn't kept whole, it isn't language anymore".The major principles underlying the design of Whole Language instruction are as follows :
- The use of authentic literature rather than artificial, specially prepared texts and exercises designed to practice individual reading skills.
- a focus on real and natural events rather than on specially written stories that do not relate to the students' experience.
- the reading of real texts of high interest, particularly literature.
- reading for the sake of comprehension and for a real purpose.
- writing for a real audience and not simply to practice writing skills.
- writing as a process through which learners explore and discover meaning.
- the use of student-produced texts rather than teacher-generated or other-generated texts.
- integration of reading, writing, and other skills.
- student-centered learning: students have choice over what they read and write, giving them power and understanding of their world.
- reading and writing in partnership with other learners.
- encouragement of risk taking and exploration and the acceptance of errors as signs of learning rather than of failure.

6. Multiple Intelligences
Multiple Intelligences (MI) refers to a learner-based philosophy that characterizes human intelligence as having multiple dimensions that must be acknowledged and developed in education. Gardner posits eight native "intelligences," which are described as follows:
- Linguistic: the ability to use language in special and creative ways, which is something lawyers, writers, editors, and interpreters are strong.
- Logical/mathematical: the ability to think rationally, often found with doctors, engineers, programmers, and scientists.
- Spatial: the ability to form mental models of the world, something architects, decorators, sculptors, and painters are good.
- Musical: a good ear for music, as is strong in singers and composers.
- Bodily/kinesthetic: having a well-coordinated body, something found in athletes a.nd craftspersons .
- Interpersonal: the ability to be able to work well with people, which is strong in salespeople, politicians, and teachers.
- Intrapersonal: the abili
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ekawati Ovi sovina 102300914 TBI C / 8



ภาษาอังกฤษการศึกษาคณะครุศาสตร์และอาจารย์

" รัฐสถาบันอิสลามศึกษา maulana Hasanuddin สุลต่านบันเตน "



a.d ผู้ a.h/ 2014 ผมใหญ่ แนวโน้มในศตวรรษที่ยี่สิบการสอนภาษา
1 ประวัติความเป็นมาของการสอนภาษา
ในศตวรรษที่สิบหก ฝรั่งเศส อิตาเลียนและภาษาอังกฤษได้รับความสำคัญเป็นผลของการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางการเมืองในยุโรปและละตินค่อยๆกลายเป็นผู้พลัดถิ่นเป็นภาษาพูดและเขียนสื่อสาร การศึกษาคลาสสิกภาษาละติน ( ภาษาละตินซึ่งในผลงานคลาสสิกของเวอร์จิล โอปอล ,และ ซิเซโรเขียน ) และการวิเคราะห์ของไวยากรณ์และคำพูดเป็นแบบจำลองสำหรับการศึกษาภาษาต่างประเทศจากสิบเจ็ดถึงสิบเก้าศตวรรษ .
สู่ศตวรรษที่สิบเก้ากลาง มีหลายปัจจัยสนับสนุนการสอบสวนและการปฏิเสธของไวยากรณ์แบบแปลนักภาษาศาสตร์ก็กลายเป็นที่สนใจในการถกเถียงที่ออกมาเกี่ยวกับวิธีที่ดีที่สุดในการสอนภาษาต่างประเทศ และความคิดที่ถูกกล่าวถึง และปกป้อง อย่างในหนังสือ บทความ และแผ่นพับ
อื่นๆปฏิรูปในช่วงปลายของศตวรรษที่และหันมาสนใจหลักการทางธรรมชาติของการเรียนรู้ภาษาและด้วยเหตุผลนี้พวกเขาบางครั้งเรียกว่าสนับสนุน " วิธีธรรมชาติ " .

2 ธรรมชาติของแนวทางและวิธีการในการสอนภาษา
เขาระบุสามระดับขององค์กรและแนวคิดที่เขาเรียกว่าแนวทาง วิธีการ และเทคนิค :
- ทฤษฎีคือชุดของสมมติฐานเกี่ยวกับความสัมพันธ์กับธรรมชาติของการเรียนการสอนภาษา .
- วิธีการเป็นแผนการโดยรวมสำหรับงานนำเสนอที่เป็นระเบียบของวัสดุภาษา ไม่มีส่วนที่ขัดแย้ง และซึ่งทั้งหมดจะขึ้นอยู่กับ วิธีการเลือก
- เทคนิคด้านต่าง ๆซึ่งจริงๆแล้วเกิดขึ้นในชั้นเรียน เทคนิคต้องสอดคล้องกับวิธีการและดังนั้นจึงสอดคล้องกับแนวทางเช่นกัน

3 วิธีการรับประทาน
สอนภาษาตามสถานการณ์- การสอนภาษาเริ่มต้นด้วยภาษาพูด วัสดุการสอนปากเปล่าก่อนที่จะนำเสนอในรูปแบบการเขียน .
- ภาษาเป้าหมายภาษาเรียนภาษาใหม่
- จุดแนะนำและฝึก situationally .
- ขั้นตอนการเลือกคำศัพท์ ปฏิบัติตามเพื่อให้แน่ใจว่า เป็นศัพท์ที่จำเป็นครอบคลุมบริการทั่วไป .
- รายการของไวยากรณ์จะให้คะแนนดังต่อไปนี้หลักการที่ควรสอนรูปแบบง่ายที่ซับซ้อน .
- การอ่านและการเขียนจะแนะนำเมื่อเพียงพอศัพท์และไวยากรณ์พื้นฐานขึ้น


4 . กิจกรรมของผู้เรียน วิธีการ audiolingual
ต้องแรกถูกกักขังอยู่ใน audiolingual gestural วงดนตรีและภาพพฤติกรรมของภาษาการรับรู้และปฏิบัติตาม โดยการเลียนแบบและท่องจำซ้ำ ใช้เจาะ
และแบบแผนการปฏิบัติเป็นคุณลักษณะที่โดดเด่นของวิธีการ audiolingual . ชนิดของดอกสว่านที่ใช้รวมถึงต่อไปนี้ :
- ซ้ำ นักเรียนซ้ำการเปล่งเสียงดัง ทันทีที่เขาได้ยินมัน .
- ) . คำหนึ่งในที่ปรากฏในรูปแบบอื่นเมื่อ
ซ้ำ
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