late-nineteenth-century developments As the Victorian era drew to a close, other social changes came into pla Continued enthusiasm for the healthy outdoor life coincided with the invention of the bicycle, and cycling holidays, aided by promotion from the Cyclists' Touring Club, wlich was founded in 1878, enjoyed immense popularity. This movement not otly paved the way for later interest in outdoor activities on holiday, but also may well have stimu lated the appeal of the suntan as a status symbol of health and wealth, in marked trast to the earlier association in Victorian minds of a fair complexion with gentil and breeding. The bicycle for the first time the opportunity for mobile rather thar holidays, and gave a foretaste of the popularity of motoring holiday the early years of the following century Political stability in final years of the nineteenth century and opening years of e twentieth also allowed the expansion of travel, on the European Continent between 1871 and 1914, one of the longest peacetimi stretches in history, and a Europe at peace was becoming an attractive place to visit bath Europeans and for tourists from further afield, llke the United States. As tourism grew in the later years of the century, so the organizers of travel becam, established institutionally. Thomas Cook and Sir Henry Lutin (who foundet Cooperative Educational Tours in 1893, and whose name was retained untit v recently in the company Lunn Poly, n w tenamed Thomson by its TUI owner) ate tv of the best-known names of the period, but many other well-know companies became established at this time. Dean and Dawson appeared in 1871, the Polytechnic Touring Association (the other half of the Lunn Poly name) in the following and Frames Tours in 1881. In the United States, American Express (founded by, among others, Henry Wells and William Fargo of Wells Fargo fame) initiated money orders and traveller's cheques, although the company did not become involved in making holiday arrangements until early in the twentieth century Mention has already been made of the impact of photography on nineteenth- century travel. As the century drew to a close, the vogue for photography was accom- panied by the cult of the guidebook. No British tourist venturing abroad would neglect to take a guidebook, and a huge variety of these soon became available on the market. Many were superficial and inaccurate, but the most popular and enduring of those published were those of John Murray, whose Hand-books appeared from 1837 onwards, and Karl Baedeker, who introduced his first guidebook (of the Rhine) in 1839. By the end of the century Baedeker had become firmly established as the leading publisher of guidebooks in Europe.