In the past, static considerations were use to determine the required ship’s strength. The ship was placed in a ”frozen” wave with a wave length equal to the ship length and a double wave amplitude equal to 1/20 of the length. Dynamic e¤ects caused by ship motions were accounted for in a very simple way; even they were ignored in a lot of cases. The increased ship size and its forward speed have lead to an extension of these standard calculations, accounting for hydrodynamic loads on the hull, vertical accelerations and even fatigue considerations.