polymers that comprise the monomeric flavan-3-ol (þ) catechin and (-) epicatechin. They are found in high concentrations in natural sources such as grape seed extract, cranberries, pine bark extract, hazelnut tree leaves and lemon tree bark. As a naturally occurring plant metabolite, it has been proven to be safe as an antioxidant in various clinical applications and also in dietary supplements.16 This study shows that treatment with 5% proanthocyanidin increases the bond strength significantly (22.91 MPa) when compared to other groups (II, III). This could be attributed to the following:
1. The specificity of OPCs for hydroxyl free radicals.
2. The presence of multiple donor sites on OPCs that trap superoxide radicals.
3. The esterification of epicatechin by gallic acid in OPCs, which enhances the free radical scavenging activity.
The present
 
polymers that comprise the monomeric flavan-3-ol (þ) catechin and (-) epicatechin. They are found in high concentrations in natural sources such as grape seed extract, cranberries, pine bark extract, hazelnut tree leaves and lemon tree bark. As a naturally occurring plant metabolite, it has been proven to be safe as an antioxidant in various clinical applications and also in dietary supplements.16 This study shows that treatment with 5% proanthocyanidin increases the bond strength significantly (22.91 MPa) when compared to other groups (II, III). This could be attributed to the following:1. The specificity of OPCs for hydroxyl free radicals.2. The presence of multiple donor sites on OPCs that trap superoxide radicals.3. The esterification of epicatechin by gallic acid in OPCs, which enhances the free radical scavenging activity.The present
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