Perhaps the
most striking fact that emerges from the empirical evidence is that participation
is -apparendy so effective in its psychological impact on individuals
even in the smallest possible doses; it appears that even the mere feeling
that participation is possible, even situations of pseudo-participation,
have beneficial effects on confidence, job satisfaction, etc.t It would be
reasonable to suppose that actual participation would be more effective-if
only because pseudo-participation may well raise expectations that could
only be frustrated