Strengths and limitations
This study consisted of a representative cohort
of women attending maternity care in a large
urban hospital over a 2-year period. The data
were collected prospectively by qualified
health researchers during the first and third
trimesters of pregnancy. A standardised interview
schedule was used to collect data during the
first trimester and a self-completed questionnaire
was used for data collection during the third
trimester. Data collection was supplemented by
routinely collected hospital records. Therefore,
the research team had detailed information on
women’s lifestyle behaviours during pregnancy
and pregnancy outcomes.
As data were collected from participants at two
separate time points, the potential for recall bias
was limited. However, the data on the lifestyle
behaviours that the researchers reviewed—
smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, exercise
and folic acid supplementation—relied on selfreporting
by the pregnant women, and it is possible
that under-reporting may have occurred. Despite
written reminders and follow-up phone calls, there
was a loss of responders in the third trimester;
however, the profile of the cohort at the first
trimester and during the third trimester suggests
that the loss at follow-up was random rather than
specific to a particular group of women. As it was
not feasible to approach all women booking for
antenatal care at the hospital during the period
of the study, it is possible that the behaviours and
outcomes of those who were not approached or
declined to participate differed from those who
did take part. Nonetheless, we are satisfied that a
broad spectrum of women was sampled.
Implications for practice
This study found that few pregnant women
follow all of the healthy lifestyle behaviour
recommendations that we reviewed. Encouraging
health behaviour changes were found in some areas
of women’s lifestyle habits compared to previous
research; however, women are still not following
all current health recommendations during
pregnancy, with many choosing to continue several
unhealthy behaviours. Overall, as pregnancy
continued, women reduced their consumption of
cigarettes, increased their time spent exercising
and followed a healthier diet. However, despite
current government recommendations in
Ireland to abstain from alcohol when pregnant,
more women resumed alcohol consumption as
pregnancy progressed. Clearly, some women did
not want to follow this health recommendation.
It is essential that health professionals gain
knowledge into specific predicting factors
associated with unhealthy lifestyle choices.
With this information, health professionals can
understand more about women who need to
change their behaviours. The findings of this
study suggest that there is an ongoing challenge
for midwives and other health professionals
to continue to address the issues of lifestyle
behaviours, specifically diet, folic acid, exercise,
smoking and alcohol, for women who are planning
a pregnancy and/or throughout pregnancy.
Encouraging women to engage in healthy lifestyle
behaviours prior to and during pregnancy could
reduce the risk to the developing baby and lessen
the number of adverse perinatal outcomes. This,
in turn, would have positive implications for
affected families and the Irish health-care system.
Public health campaigns need to continue to
educate and change attitudes towards healthy
lifestyle choice during pregnancy. Leaflets, poster
campaigns, television adverts and the internet can
be used for multi-component health education
strategies. Midwives are often the first point of
contact for newly pregnant women and are a key
source of support and information. Education
from midwives can take place at any maternity
visit. Midwives need to continue to use these
จุดแข็งและข้อจำกัดการศึกษานี้ประกอบด้วยกลุ่มตัวแทนรุ่นผู้หญิงที่เข้าร่วมดูแลคลอดในขนาดใหญ่โรงพยาบาลในเมืองในระยะเวลา 2 ปี ข้อมูลได้รวบรวมหุ้นโดยมีคุณสมบัตินักวิจัยสุขภาพในช่วงแรกและที่สามภาคการศึกษาของการตั้งครรภ์ สัมภาษณ์แบบมาตรฐานตารางถูกใช้เพื่อเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลในระหว่างการไตรมาสแรกและแบบสอบถามที่เสร็จสมบูรณ์ด้วยตนเองใช้สำหรับเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลในช่วงที่สามไตรมาสนี้ รวบรวมข้อมูลถูกเสริมด้วยหมั่นเก็บระเบียนของโรงพยาบาล ดังนั้นทีมวิจัยมีรายละเอียดในพฤติกรรมไลฟ์สไตล์ของผู้หญิงในระหว่างตั้งครรภ์และผลการตั้งครรภ์เป็นข้อมูลที่ถูกเก็บรวบรวมจากผู้เข้าร่วมที่สองเวลาแยกจุด โอกาสในการเรียกคืนความโน้มเอียงถูกจำกัด อย่างไรก็ตาม ข้อมูลที่อยู่ในวิถีชีวิตพฤติกรรมที่นักวิจัยตรวจทาน —บุหรี่ แอลกอฮอล์ อาหาร ออกกำลังกายและกรดโฟลิคเสริม — พึ่ง selfreportingโดยหญิงตั้งครรภ์ และเป็นไปได้อาจเกิดที่ใต้รายงาน แม้มีเขียนเตือนและติดตามโทรศัพท์ มีเป็นการสูญเสียของผู้ตอบสนองเหตุการณ์ในไตรมาสที่ 3อย่างไรก็ตาม รายละเอียดของงานที่แรกไตรมาส และแนะนำในช่วงสาม ไตรมาสว่า การสูญเสียที่ติดตามถูกสุ่มแทนเฉพาะกลุ่มเฉพาะของผู้หญิง เป็นที่ไม่เหมาะสมในการเข้าจองห้องพักสำหรับผู้หญิงการดูแลครรภ์ที่โรงพยาบาลในช่วงof the study, it is possible that the behaviours andoutcomes of those who were not approached ordeclined to participate differed from those whodid take part. Nonetheless, we are satisfied that abroad spectrum of women was sampled.Implications for practiceThis study found that few pregnant womenfollow all of the healthy lifestyle behaviourrecommendations that we reviewed. Encouraginghealth behaviour changes were found in some areasof women’s lifestyle habits compared to previousresearch; however, women are still not followingall current health recommendations duringpregnancy, with many choosing to continue severalunhealthy behaviours. Overall, as pregnancycontinued, women reduced their consumption ofcigarettes, increased their time spent exercisingand followed a healthier diet. However, despitecurrent government recommendations inIreland to abstain from alcohol when pregnant,more women resumed alcohol consumption aspregnancy progressed. Clearly, some women didnot want to follow this health recommendation.It is essential that health professionals gainknowledge into specific predicting factorsassociated with unhealthy lifestyle choices.With this information, health professionals canunderstand more about women who need tochange their behaviours. The findings of thisstudy suggest that there is an ongoing challengefor midwives and other health professionalsto continue to address the issues of lifestylebehaviours, specifically diet, folic acid, exercise,
smoking and alcohol, for women who are planning
a pregnancy and/or throughout pregnancy.
Encouraging women to engage in healthy lifestyle
behaviours prior to and during pregnancy could
reduce the risk to the developing baby and lessen
the number of adverse perinatal outcomes. This,
in turn, would have positive implications for
affected families and the Irish health-care system.
Public health campaigns need to continue to
educate and change attitudes towards healthy
lifestyle choice during pregnancy. Leaflets, poster
campaigns, television adverts and the internet can
be used for multi-component health education
strategies. Midwives are often the first point of
contact for newly pregnant women and are a key
source of support and information. Education
from midwives can take place at any maternity
visit. Midwives need to continue to use these
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