We recruited participants in the first and second weeks of the Fall 2011 semester. In the course website, we posted a
URL of a webpage containing an online survey that includes (a) the study description, (b) consent forms, (c)
demographic questions, and (d) 1st survey questions on motivation, regulation, and engagement. Students who
submitted signed parental consent and student assent forms proceeded to respond to demographic and 1st survey
questions. The same survey on motivation, regulation, and engagement was administered two more times throughout
the semester: one was in the middle of the semester and the other was toward the end of the semester. We collected
the final grade scores of the participants when the semester ended. Figure 1 illustrates the two groups, three
measurement points, and six variables of the study.