We also show the simulation results of penetration electric field from a combined numerical model of coupled thermosphere–ionosphere–plasmasphere–electrodynamics (CTIPe) model (Millward et al., 2001; Fuller-Rowell et al., 2002) and Rice Convection Model (RCM) (Wolf, 1983; Toffoletto et al., 2003) in a storm case, as reported in Maruyama et al. (2005, 2007), and compare the empirical formula with the measured and simulated penetration electric fields. 2. Results 2.1. Observations
We also show the simulation results of penetration electric field from a combined numerical model of coupled thermosphere–ionosphere–plasmasphere–electrodynamics (CTIPe) model (Millward et al., 2001; Fuller-Rowell et al., 2002) and Rice Convection Model (RCM) (Wolf, 1983; Toffoletto et al., 2003) in a storm case, as reported in Maruyama et al. (2005, 2007), and compare the empirical formula with the measured and simulated penetration electric fields. 2. Results 2.1. Observations
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