Human health effects of air polluti

Human health effects of air pollution.
สุขภาพของมลพิษทางอากาศ
Mariena Kampa

Abstract
บทคัดย่อ
Hazardous chemicals escape to the environment by a number of nature and/or anthropogenic activities and may cause adverse effects on human health and environment. Increased combustion of fossil fuels in the last century is responsible for the progressive change in the atmospheric composition. Air pollutions, such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide.
Volatile organic compounds
Heavy metals, and respirable particulate matter
Differ in their chemical composition
Reaction properties, emission, time of disintegration and ability to diffuse in long or short distances.
Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health,
Affecting a number of different system and organs.
It ranges from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease,
Lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults,
Aggravating pre-existing heart and lung disease,
Or asthmatic attacks. In addition, short- and long-term exposures have also been linked with premature mortality and reduced life expectancy.
These effects of air pollutions on human health and their mechanism of action are briefly discussed.

Introduction
Although a number of physical activities(volcanoes, fire, etc.) may release different pollutants in the environment, anthropogenic activities are the major cause of environmental air pollution.
Hazardous chemical can escape to the environment by accident, but a number of air pollutants are released from industrial facilities and other activities and may cause adverse effect on human health and the environment.
By definition, and air pollutant is any substance witch may harm humans, animals, vegetation or material.
As far as humans are concerned an air pollutant may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or serious illness or may pose a present or potential hazard to human health.
The determination of whether or not a substance poses a health risk to human is based on clinical, epidemiological, and/or animal studies which demonstrate that exposure to a substance is associated with health effects.
In the context of human health, “risk” is the probability that a noxious health effects may occur.
Pollutant categories
The main change in the atmospheric composition is primarily due to the combustion of fossil fuels, used for the generation of energy and transportation.
Variant air pollutants have been reported, differing in their chemical composition, reaction properties, emission, persistence in the environment, ability to be transported in long or short distances and their eventual impacts on human and/or animal health.
However, they share some similarities and they can be grouped to four categories.
1. Gaseous pollutants
2. Persistent organic pollutants
3. Heavy metals
4. Particulate Matter


Gaseous pollutants contribute to a great extent in composition variations of the atmosphere and are mainly due to combustion of fossil fuels.
Nitrogen oxides are emitted as NO which rapidly reacts with ozone or radicals in the atmosphere forming NO2. The main anthropogenic sources are mobile and stationary combustion sources.
Moreover, ozone in the lower atmospheric layer is formed by a series of reaction involving NO2 and volatile organic compounds, a process initiated by sun light.
CO, on the other hand, is a product of incomplete combustion.
Its major source is road transport too.
While the anthropogenic SO2 results from the combustion of sulphur-containing fossil fuels (principally coal and heavy oils) and the smelting of sulphur containing ores, volcanoes and oceans are its major nature source.
The latter contribute only 2% of the total emissions.
Finally a major class of compound that fuel combustion and especially combustion processes for energy production and road transport are the major source of emission are the called volatile organic compounds.
This is a class of compounds, which includes chemical species of organic nature such as benzene.
Even though the majority of gaseous pollutants are inhaled and mainly affect the respiratory system they can also induce hematological problem and cancer.


Persistent organic pollutants from a toxic group of chemicals
They persist in the environment for long periods of time, and their effect are magnified at they move up through the food chain (bio-magnification).

They include pesticides, as well as dioxins, furans and PCBs.
Generally, the generic term “dioxins” is used to cover polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) while polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are called “dioxins like compounds” and can act similarly in terms of dioxin-type toxicity (Schecter et al., 2006).
Dioxins are formed during incomplete combustion and whenever materials containing chloride (e.g. plastics) are burned.
Emitted in the atmosphere, dioxins tend to deposit on soil and water bot, being water insoluble, they do not contaminate ground water sources.
Most dioxins in plants come from air and dust or pesticides and enter the food chain where they bio-accumulate due to their ability to be stably bound to lipids.
Heavy metals include basic metal elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium silver nickel, vanadium, chromium, and manganese.
They are natural components of the earth’s crust; they cannot be degraded or destroyed, and can be transported by air, and enter water and human food supply. In addition, they enter the environment through a wide variety of sources, including combustion, waste water discharges and manufacturing facilities.
To a small extent they enter human bodies where, as trace elements, they are essential to maintain the normal metabolic reaction.
However, at higher metabolic reactions they can become toxic.
Most heavy metals are dangerous because they tend to bio-accumulate in the human body. Bioaccumulation means an increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time, compared to the chemical’s concentration in the environment.
Compounds accumulate in organism any time they are taken in and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted.
Particulate matter (PM) is the genetic term used for a type of air pollutants, consisting of complex and varying mixtures of particles suspended in the breathing air, which vary in size and composition, and are produce by a wide variety of nature and anthropogenic activities.
Major sources of particulate pollution and factories, power plants, refuse incinerators, motor vehicles, construction activity, fires, and nature windblown dust.
The size of the particles varies and different categories have been defined; Ultrafine particles, smaller than 0.1 micrometer in aerodynamic diameter, fine particles, smaller than 1 micrometer, and coarse particles, larger than 1 micrometer.
The size of the particles determines the site in the respiratory tract that they will deposit: PM10particles deposit mainly in the upper respiratory tract while fine and ultra fine particles are able to reach lung alveoli.

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

สุขภาพของมลพิษทางอากาศสุขภาพของมลพิษทางอากาศMariena Kampaบทคัดย่อบทคัดย่อสารเคมีอันตรายหนี โดยธรรมชาติและ/หรือกิจกรรมการมาของมนุษย์กับสิ่งแวดล้อม และอาจทำให้ส่งผลต่อสุขภาพของมนุษย์และสิ่งแวดล้อม เพิ่มการเผาไหม้ของเชื้อเพลิงฟอสซิลในศตวรรษที่ผ่านมาคือชอบการเปลี่ยนแปลงก้าวหน้าในองค์ประกอบบรรยากาศ อากาศ pollutions เช่นคาร์บอนมอนอกไซด์ (CO), ซัลเฟอร์ไดออกไซด์สารระเหยอินทรีย์ โลหะหนัก และเรื่องฝุ่น respirable แตกต่างในองค์ประกอบทางเคมีของพวกเขา คุณสมบัติปฏิกิริยา มลพิษ เวลาของบูรณภาพและความสามารถในการกระจายในระยะยาว หรือระยะสั้นมลพิษทางอากาศมีผลเฉียบพลัน และเรื้อรัง สุขภาพส่งผลกระทบต่อระบบต่าง ๆ และอวัยวะมันตั้งแต่รองบนทางเดินหายใจระคายเคืองการเรื้อรังทางเดินหายใจและโรคหัวใจมะเร็งปอด หลอดลมอักเสบเรื้อรังในผู้ใหญ่ และการติดเชื้อทางเดินหายใจเฉียบพลันในเด็กAggravating เตรียมหัวใจและโรคปอดหรือหอบหืดโจมตี นอกจากนี้ สั้น และระยะยาวไงยังเชื่อมโยงกับการตายก่อนกำหนดอายุขัยลดลงลักษณะพิเศษเหล่านี้ของ pollutions อากาศสุขภาพและกลไกของการดำเนินการจะกล่าวสั้น ๆแนะนำแม้ว่าจำนวนกิจกรรมทางกายภาพ (ไฟ ไฟ ฯลฯ) อาจปล่อยสารมลพิษต่าง ๆ ในสิ่งแวดล้อม กิจกรรมมาของมนุษย์เป็นสาเหตุสำคัญของมลพิษทางอากาศสิ่งแวดล้อมHazardous chemical can escape to the environment by accident, but a number of air pollutants are released from industrial facilities and other activities and may cause adverse effect on human health and the environment.By definition, and air pollutant is any substance witch may harm humans, animals, vegetation or material.As far as humans are concerned an air pollutant may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or serious illness or may pose a present or potential hazard to human health.The determination of whether or not a substance poses a health risk to human is based on clinical, epidemiological, and/or animal studies which demonstrate that exposure to a substance is associated with health effects.In the context of human health, “risk” is the probability that a noxious health effects may occur.Pollutant categoriesThe main change in the atmospheric composition is primarily due to the combustion of fossil fuels, used for the generation of energy and transportation.Variant air pollutants have been reported, differing in their chemical composition, reaction properties, emission, persistence in the environment, ability to be transported in long or short distances and their eventual impacts on human and/or animal health.However, they share some similarities and they can be grouped to four categories.1. Gaseous pollutants 2. Persistent organic pollutants3. Heavy metals4. Particulate MatterGaseous pollutants contribute to a great extent in composition variations of the atmosphere and are mainly due to combustion of fossil fuels.Nitrogen oxides are emitted as NO which rapidly reacts with ozone or radicals in the atmosphere forming NO2. The main anthropogenic sources are mobile and stationary combustion sources. Moreover, ozone in the lower atmospheric layer is formed by a series of reaction involving NO2 and volatile organic compounds, a process initiated by sun light. CO, on the other hand, is a product of incomplete combustion.Its major source is road transport too.While the anthropogenic SO2 results from the combustion of sulphur-containing fossil fuels (principally coal and heavy oils) and the smelting of sulphur containing ores, volcanoes and oceans are its major nature source.The latter contribute only 2% of the total emissions.Finally a major class of compound that fuel combustion and especially combustion processes for energy production and road transport are the major source of emission are the called volatile organic compounds. This is a class of compounds, which includes chemical species of organic nature such as benzene. Even though the majority of gaseous pollutants are inhaled and mainly affect the respiratory system they can also induce hematological problem and cancer. Persistent organic pollutants from a toxic group of chemicalsThey persist in the environment for long periods of time, and their effect are magnified at they move up through the food chain (bio-magnification). They include pesticides, as well as dioxins, furans and PCBs.Generally, the generic term “dioxins” is used to cover polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) while polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are called “dioxins like compounds” and can act similarly in terms of dioxin-type toxicity (Schecter et al., 2006). Dioxins are formed during incomplete combustion and whenever materials containing chloride (e.g. plastics) are burned.Emitted in the atmosphere, dioxins tend to deposit on soil and water bot, being water insoluble, they do not contaminate ground water sources. Most dioxins in plants come from air and dust or pesticides and enter the food chain where they bio-accumulate due to their ability to be stably bound to lipids.Heavy metals include basic metal elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium silver nickel, vanadium, chromium, and manganese.They are natural components of the earth’s crust; they cannot be degraded or destroyed, and can be transported by air, and enter water and human food supply. In addition, they enter the environment through a wide variety of sources, including combustion, waste water discharges and manufacturing facilities.To a small extent they enter human bodies where, as trace elements, they are essential to maintain the normal metabolic reaction.However, at higher metabolic reactions they can become toxic.Most heavy metals are dangerous because they tend to bio-accumulate in the human body. Bioaccumulation means an increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time, compared to the chemical’s concentration in the environment.Compounds accumulate in organism any time they are taken in and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted.Particulate matter (PM) is the genetic term used for a type of air pollutants, consisting of complex and varying mixtures of particles suspended in the breathing air, which vary in size and composition, and are produce by a wide variety of nature and anthropogenic activities.Major sources of particulate pollution and factories, power plants, refuse incinerators, motor vehicles, construction activity, fires, and nature windblown dust.The size of the particles varies and different categories have been defined; Ultrafine particles, smaller than 0.1 micrometer in aerodynamic diameter, fine particles, smaller than 1 micrometer, and coarse particles, larger than 1 micrometer.The size of the particles determines the site in the respiratory tract that they will deposit: PM10particles deposit mainly in the upper respiratory tract while fine and ultra fine particles are able to reach lung alveoli.