Chapter 2: Forward Osmosis for Application in
Wastewater Treatment
In Chapter 2 an overview of FO work performed
with impaired waters and waste streams is
established. This overview attempts to define the
steps still required for FO to reach full-scale
potential in wastewater treatment and water
reclamation by describing and discussing the current
developments, bottlenecks and future perspectives of
FO technology in the wastewater sector.
Chapter 3: Zwitterions as Alternative Draw
Solutions in Forward Osmosis for Application in
Wastewater Reclamation
Chapter 3 presents a study on several naturally
occurring zwitterions to find the ideal draw solute to
enhance FO performance, minimise solute loss and
enhance energy production in wastewater
applications.
Chapter 4: EDTA: A synthetic Draw Solution for
Forward Osmosis
Chapter 4 continues with the experimental work
mentioned in Chapter 3, employing larger molecules
as potential draw solutes for FO.
Chapter 5: Water Recovery and FO Membrane
Fouling
In Chapter 5 the effectiveness of FO membranes in
the recovery of water from sewage is evaluated,
focusing on membrane performance and fouling of
the FO membrane. Investigations were carried out
via short-term lab-scale experiments.
Chapter 6: Polysaccharide Dominance in FO
Fouling Studies of Raw Wastewater
Chapter 6 deals with the effects of fouling presented
in Chapter 5. Additional long-term studies were
performed and the fouling layers were extensively
analysed.
Chapter 7: Continuous and Discontinuous
Pressure Assisted Osmosis (PAO)
Chapter 7 focuses on improving water flux
performances by adding hydraulic pressure to the
feed side of the membrane process. An FO transport
model was also developed, incorporating the