Table 1.2 Framework for analysis of hypothetical sampling to detect impacts due to construction of
sewage outfalls (illustrated in 1.11). O indicates the comparison of mean numbers of an amphipod
between outfall and control locations and is a fixed factor (see Winer et al., 1991; Underwood, 1997a).
There are two (randomly chosen) locations of each type, indicated by L(O). Sampling before and after
the outfalls were built represents a fixed factor; there are 3 randomly chosen times of sampling before
and again after the outfalls start operation. n = 5 replicate cores are sampled at each time in each
location.