in order to detect disturbance, the primary aims should be to:
1 estimate the state of the system prior to disturbance. (this is problematic when evaluating an area with chronic long-term history of disturbance.)
2 estimate the state of the system as it exists in a disturbed condition.
3 estimate the uncertainty associated with difference between estimates 1 and 2
the most common parametric designs used to measure impacts to marine biota by anthropogenic disturbances are presented in figure 4-7