A majority of indicators elicited from the relevant articles (76%) fell into measures related to the healthcare outcomes. In contrast, only less than a quarter of indicators (24%) came from PSF measures. Although it has been well acknowledged that organizational problems frequently become latent causal factors that contribute to the occurrence of human errors made by frontline personnel[49], percent usage of structure- (2%), process (5%) and culture-related measures (1%) were rather small even from the management perspective. Individual indicators used in relatively frequent in the relevant papers are shown in Table 2. The most frequently used indicator was length of stay, which appeared in almost half of the former studies. There was a slight variation about percent usage of indicators, depending on the stakeholder perspectives. There were almost as many “frequent-to-use” indicators from the management perspective as from the patient perspective. Taking a criterion of “frequently used” indicators as appearing in five or more relevant articles, seven, three, and eight indicators were elicited from the patient, employee, and management perspectives, respectively. Only one frequently used indicator was selected on its related measure from the patient and employee perspectives except for the patient safety.