2.3. PCR amplification
Primers PBFD-F GCCCACGTGACTTCAAGACT and PBFD-R ACGGAGCATTTCGCAATAAG
(Metabion, Germany) were designed using
Primer 3 express software to amplify a 194-bp region of the
replication associated protein gene (V1) (Gene bank accession
DQ397817.1) of beak and feather disease virus isolate AFG5-ZA.
These were used in conjunction with the Taqman probe FamTCGTGGGGACCTCGATCTCACTCG-Tamra.
The real-time PCR was
performed usingRoche Light Cycler 2.0 (Manheim, Germany) under
the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95 ◦C for 8 min,
amplification at 95 ◦C for 10 s, 51 ◦C for 20 s and 72 ◦C for 30 s for
45 cycles. A Circovirus positive amplification control and negative
control without DNA was included in the PCR. Samples that showed
a Ct value of ≤40 and an exponential fluorescence were scored as
positive and samples that did not fulfill these criteria were scored
as negative.
2.4. Duplex PCR with internal control
To ensure the success of our extraction protocol, we incorporated
an internal DNA extraction control (DEC) (Bioline, UK) in the
sample. 4 L of DEC was added to the sample or PBS (negative
extraction control) at the lysis stage and extraction was done as
above using the Qiagen DNeasy blood and tissue kit. Duplex PCR
with internal control primer (control mix) (Bioline, UK) was setup
with the same cycling conditions as above.
2.5. Sensitivity
Sensitivity of the test was determined by making 10-fold serial
dilutions of DNA obtained from positive blood and feather samples
with an initial concentration of 86 and 35 ng/L, respectively. PCR
amplification was performed using at least 8 log dilutions and a
standard curve was prepared.
2.6. Sequencing
Circovirus positive DNA from 7 African Grey Parrots, 3 Macaws
and 2Cockatoos were selected for sequencing. Forward andReverse
primers were: PBFD-F and PBFD-R. Sequencing was done using
dideoxy Sanger method and run on the ABI 3730 XL (USA).
Sequences were analyzed using sequencing analysis software (Version
5.1.1) and aligned using DNAMAN.
2.3. PCR amplificationPrimers PBFD-F GCCCACGTGACTTCAAGACT and PBFD-R ACGGAGCATTTCGCAATAAG(Metabion, Germany) were designed usingPrimer 3 express software to amplify a 194-bp region of thereplication associated protein gene (V1) (Gene bank accessionDQ397817.1) of beak and feather disease virus isolate AFG5-ZA.These were used in conjunction with the Taqman probe FamTCGTGGGGACCTCGATCTCACTCG-Tamra.The real-time PCR wasperformed usingRoche Light Cycler 2.0 (Manheim, Germany) underthe following conditions: initial denaturation at 95 ◦C for 8 min,amplification at 95 ◦C for 10 s, 51 ◦C for 20 s and 72 ◦C for 30 s for45 cycles. A Circovirus positive amplification control and negativecontrol without DNA was included in the PCR. Samples that showeda Ct value of ≤40 and an exponential fluorescence were scored aspositive and samples that did not fulfill these criteria were scoredas negative.2.4. Duplex PCR with internal controlTo ensure the success of our extraction protocol, we incorporatedan internal DNA extraction control (DEC) (Bioline, UK) in thesample. 4 L of DEC was added to the sample or PBS (negativeextraction control) at the lysis stage and extraction was done asabove using the Qiagen DNeasy blood and tissue kit. Duplex PCRwith internal control primer (control mix) (Bioline, UK) was setupwith the same cycling conditions as above.2.5. SensitivitySensitivity of the test was determined by making 10-fold serialdilutions of DNA obtained from positive blood and feather sampleswith an initial concentration of 86 and 35 ng/L, respectively. PCRamplification was performed using at least 8 log dilutions and astandard curve was prepared.2.6. SequencingCircovirus positive DNA from 7 African Grey Parrots, 3 Macawsand 2Cockatoos were selected for sequencing. Forward andReverseprimers were: PBFD-F and PBFD-R. Sequencing was done usingdideoxy Sanger method and run on the ABI 3730 XL (USA).Sequences were analyzed using sequencing analysis software (Version5.1.1) and aligned using DNAMAN.
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