water is much easier to remove from fluids that can be pumped and manipulated through heat exchange and vapour removal systems. Mass and heat transfer becomes more of a challenge as the juice loses moisture and fluidity. There are a number of dehydration techniques applicable to juices (Table 85). For economic reasons most are based on some degree of juice concentration above single strength, generally as high as practical, given the flow characteristic and mechanical properties of the concentrated juice and design features of the dryer.