• 5.2. Critical time in the history of Islam. The reexamination of early Islamic sources, rather than merely accepting the judgment of previous scholarship.
• 5.3. Some Filipinos as marking the end of the Spanish era and the hold of the Spanishcontrolled Church
• 5.4 The hope of reestablishing the lost tradition of higher ordination of Theravada Buddhist in Sri Lanka by sending a mission to Siam. Rama I (r. 1782-1809), stands out as possibly the greatest Buddhist reformer of the century.