Student efficacy.
For instructors to feel that student-centered learning and PBL will be successful, they must believe that their students are largely responsible for and capable of guiding their own learning (Albanese & Mitchell, 1993; Hmelo-Silver & Barrows, 2006; Roehrig & Luft, 2004). These beliefs are necessary for instructors to release direct control of the classroom, to give their students a chance to struggle with the learning material on their own, to provide a variety of opportunities for students to learn in their own fashion, and to be responsive to student feedback regarding what they already know and need to improve.