The biliary system consists of two main parts: the
intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts including the
gall bladder. In this study, the intrahepatic bile ducts
of the hamster were classi®ed as the ®rst and second
order bile ducts. The second order bile ducts were
large bile ducts and their main branches, starting from
the hepatic hilus, are characterised by the presence of
a ®brous ductal wall and lined by low columnar to
columnar epithelium. They corresponded to the left or
right hepatic ducts, segmental ducts and area ducts in
human [16,17]. The ®rst order bile ducts were small
bile ducts corresponded to the septal and interlobular
bile ducts, and bile ductules. Normally, the adult liver
¯ukes inhabited the second order bile ducts and were
not found in the ®rst order bile ducts.
No obvious pathological changes were observed in
any specimens in the control group. In infected ham-
sters, the liver changes were similar to those previously
described [4]. A distinct in¯ammatory response was
observed around the juvenile ¯ukes in the intrahepatic
second order bile duct at the hepatic hilus and extrahe-
patic bile duct by day 3 p.i. Mild in¯ammation with-
out ¯ukes was also seen in the periportal areas and
®rst order bile ducts. The cell types mainly comprised
mononuclear cells and eosinophils. The severity of the
in¯ammation gradually increased from day 7 p.i.
onwards. Heavy mononuclear cell and eosinophil in®l-
tration around the intrahepatic bile ducts was noted in
the areas with epithelial desquamation. Focal liver cell
necrosis was also observed early in the infection. Maxi-
mal in¯ammation was established by 1 month p.i.
From the second month onwards, active in¯amma-
tory changes around the bile ducts (both the ®rst and
second order bile ducts) regressed slightly and lym-
phoid follicles, as well as plasma cell in®ltration, were
predominant. Active germinal centers were seen in
most large lymphoid follicles of the liver, extrahepatic
bile duct and gall bladder. The most obvious histologi-
cal changes in the liver in chronic infection were peri-
ductal ®brosis, ductal dilatation and mononuclear cell
in®ltration with lymphoid aggregation. The pathologi-
cal changes were more severe in the liver and extrahe-
patic bile duct than that in the gall bladder.
Granulomatous in¯ammation around ¯uke eggs was
frequently seen in the intrahepatic periductal areas and
protruding from the mucosal infolding within the bile
The biliary system consists of two main parts: theintrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts including thegall bladder. In this study, the intrahepatic bile ductsof the hamster were classi®ed as the ®rst and secondorder bile ducts. The second order bile ducts werelarge bile ducts and their main branches, starting fromthe hepatic hilus, are characterised by the presence ofa ®brous ductal wall and lined by low columnar tocolumnar epithelium. They corresponded to the left orright hepatic ducts, segmental ducts and area ducts inhuman [16,17]. The ®rst order bile ducts were smallbile ducts corresponded to the septal and interlobularbile ducts, and bile ductules. Normally, the adult liver¯ukes inhabited the second order bile ducts and werenot found in the ®rst order bile ducts.No obvious pathological changes were observed inany specimens in the control group. In infected ham-sters, the liver changes were similar to those previouslydescribed [4]. A distinct in¯ammatory response wasobserved around the juvenile ¯ukes in the intrahepaticsecond order bile duct at the hepatic hilus and extrahe-patic bile duct by day 3 p.i. Mild in¯ammation with-out ¯ukes was also seen in the periportal areas and®rst order bile ducts. The cell types mainly comprisedmononuclear cells and eosinophils. The severity of thein¯ammation gradually increased from day 7 p.i.onwards. Heavy mononuclear cell and eosinophil in®l-tration around the intrahepatic bile ducts was noted inthe areas with epithelial desquamation. Focal liver cellnecrosis was also observed early in the infection. Maxi-mal in¯ammation was established by 1 month p.i.From the second month onwards, active in¯amma-tory changes around the bile ducts (both the ®rst andsecond order bile ducts) regressed slightly and lym-phoid follicles, as well as plasma cell in®ltration, werepredominant. Active germinal centers were seen inmost large lymphoid follicles of the liver, extrahepaticbile duct and gall bladder. The most obvious histologi-cal changes in the liver in chronic infection were peri-ductal ®brosis, ductal dilatation and mononuclear cellin®ltration with lymphoid aggregation. The pathologi-cal changes were more severe in the liver and extrahe-patic bile duct than that in the gall bladder.Granulomatous in¯ammation around ¯uke eggs wasfrequently seen in the intrahepatic periductal areas andprotruding from the mucosal infolding within the bile
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