For the first case, works include, Lee, So and Tang [51] which developed an analytical model fore one retailer and one manufacturer, to quantify the benefit of information sharing and found that the benefit is very high especially for demands that are significantly correlated over time and when demand variance is high and also for the case of long lead times; Cachon and Fisher [52] compared the reduction in supply chain costs between a supply chain that does not share information with one that shares full information, for a model with one supplier and N identical retailers with stationary stochastic demand.