and the crushed rice sample (10 g) was placed in a 200-mL stoppered Erlenmeyer flask containing toluene (20 mL). The FFAs were extracted for 30 min with a rotary shaker (MMS-3010, Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and the extract was filtered through filter paper (No. 2, Toyo Roshi Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) to remove insoluble solids.