Dweck (2000) found that students who view
ability as fixed, generally possess low self-efficacy; considering effort unlikely to lead to
academic improvement. Self-concept is concerned with emotional components and
reactions, and involves individuals evaluating their competence in comparison to others
(Halikari et al., 2008). These self-belief constructs are considered to have a strong
connection with students’ motivation and engagement thus they can significantly influence
learning outcomes (Anderman & Maehr, 1994; Bandura, 1991; Halikari et al., 2008).