Reproductive endpoints, such as flowering or seed production,are not considered in the current phytotoxicity tests performed forthe herbicide risk assessment. However, the present study revealedthat reproductive endpoints are probably a more sensitive end-point than biomass. Strandberg et al. (2012) also found that seedproduction was a more sensitive endpoint than biomass, irrespec-tively of plant species, lifespan (annual, biennial, or perennial), andthe life stage at the time of exposure (vegetative and reproduc-tive). Therefore, herbicide effect assessments that only focus oneffects on biomass are presumably underestimating the full herbi-cide effect.