Measures
Leadership measures. The MLQ is an instrument which reliably measures (Lowe et al.,
1996) all of the full-range leadership elements, most significantly transformational
leadership and transactional leadership (contingent reward leadership behaviors). The
scales of interest in the study are the four I’s of transformational leadership and
contingent reward. A single measure of transformational leadership was also
computed by aggregating the four subscale measures of that component.