Controlling capital expenditures
Planning capital expenditures sets the stage for control. The importance of control of capital expenditures cannot be overemphasized. Control is not solely, nor even primarily, downward pressure on expenditures. Control must rest upon sound management planning that restricts expenditures to economics to economically justifiable additions yet guards against stagnation in the maintenance, replacement, and acquisition of capital assets.
Control of capital expenditures is best understood and implemented if the distinction between major projects and minor expenditures is maintained (see page 395). Major capital expenditures involve large amounts of funds for single projects, and their economic feasibility normally relates to management strategies. On the other hand, minor capital expenditures relate to ongoing operations involving almost all the operating managers.
Controlling major capital expenditures
Inclusion of major capital expenditure projects in the tactical profit plan means that top management has decided to proceed with the project at a specific time. This inclusion, however, should not constitute orders to proceed unilaterally. A system of control that reports to executive management the progress, cost, and status of capital additions throughout the year is essential.
The first element of current control involves authorization to start a project, including the appropriation of funds, even though the project was included in the annual profit plan. For major capital additions projects, top management should reserve the responsibility for this final go-ahead authorization, which may consist of formal or informal notification, depending on the internal situation. The usual practice is to give final approval of major capital additions on a request for capital expenditure form. Exhibit 11-8 shows a typical format.
The second element of current control of major capital expenditures is accumulating data on costs, work progress, and cumulative expenditures on each project in process. As soon as a major capital project is authorized and initiated, cost records should be set up by project number. This record should provide for accumulation of costs by project, by responsibility, and for supplementary information about the progress. The third element of current control is a periodic capital expenditure status report that shows for each project such items as the following:
Cost:
Amount budgeted
Expenditure to date
Outstanding commitments
Amount unexpended per budget
Estimated cost to complete project
Indicated over expenditure or under expenditure
Authorization for capital expenditure
Plan is not illustrated herein (it is structured by projects). The annual capital expenditures budget in schedule 46 shows the 19x2 segment. In this company, the major capital expenditure $100 (simplified for case purposes only) or over. "Because of this definition, minor or small capital expenditures are not material in amount; therefore, they are incorporated into the planning of repair costs and are included in the departmental expense budgets. Notice in Schedule 46 that (a) the major capital expenditure for 19x2 are shows in detail, and (b) the 19x3 items in the long-term capital expenditure budget are listed. Also, this short-term budget (for 19x2) shows the planned payments of cash during 19x2 and depreciation information. Cash information is shown because it will be needed to prepare the cash budget (chapter 12).
Schedule 47 --budgeted depreciation -- is shown here because it must include depreciation on the new (19x2) capital additions. Data from this schedule will be used to prepare the planned financial statements (see Chapter 13). For instructional purposes, we suggest that you refer to the flexible expense budgets foe superior (schedules 41, 42, and 43 in Chapter 10) and notice to minor repairs planned.
Chapter summary
This chapter discussed the capital expenditures budget. Capital expenditures are planned and controlled in same way for both manufacturing and non manufacturing enterprises. Capital expenditures are for (a) major capital additions such as land, building, major improvement, and maintenance, and (b) minor or small expenditures that should initially be recorded as assets because they help generate future revenues. The capital expenditures budget includes a strategic plan and tactical plan for (a) the major capital expenditures projects and (b) a blanket appropriation for the minor or small expenditures.
A process for planning and controlling capital expenditures is given in exhibit 11-3. The primary problems in developing a capital expenditures budget are (a) the identification, analysis, and evaluation of all relevant capital expenditure alternatives, and (b) based on investment worth, selection of the best alternatives. This chapter discussed approaches to measure investment worth: (a) discounted cash flows (present value) and (b) shortcut and simple methods. The discounted cash flow methods are preferable because they explicitly use the time value of money (i.e., interest).
The chapter also emphasized the control of capital expenditures by using performance reports by responsibility canters and projects. Post completion audits also were discussed as a way to improve the capital budgeting decisions and process.
Controlling capital expenditures Planning capital expenditures sets the stage for control. The importance of control of capital expenditures cannot be overemphasized. Control is not solely, nor even primarily, downward pressure on expenditures. Control must rest upon sound management planning that restricts expenditures to economics to economically justifiable additions yet guards against stagnation in the maintenance, replacement, and acquisition of capital assets. Control of capital expenditures is best understood and implemented if the distinction between major projects and minor expenditures is maintained (see page 395). Major capital expenditures involve large amounts of funds for single projects, and their economic feasibility normally relates to management strategies. On the other hand, minor capital expenditures relate to ongoing operations involving almost all the operating managers.Controlling major capital expenditures Inclusion of major capital expenditure projects in the tactical profit plan means that top management has decided to proceed with the project at a specific time. This inclusion, however, should not constitute orders to proceed unilaterally. A system of control that reports to executive management the progress, cost, and status of capital additions throughout the year is essential. The first element of current control involves authorization to start a project, including the appropriation of funds, even though the project was included in the annual profit plan. For major capital additions projects, top management should reserve the responsibility for this final go-ahead authorization, which may consist of formal or informal notification, depending on the internal situation. The usual practice is to give final approval of major capital additions on a request for capital expenditure form. Exhibit 11-8 shows a typical format. The second element of current control of major capital expenditures is accumulating data on costs, work progress, and cumulative expenditures on each project in process. As soon as a major capital project is authorized and initiated, cost records should be set up by project number. This record should provide for accumulation of costs by project, by responsibility, and for supplementary information about the progress. The third element of current control is a periodic capital expenditure status report that shows for each project such items as the following:Cost:Amount budgetedExpenditure to dateOutstanding commitmentsAmount unexpended per budgetEstimated cost to complete projectIndicated over expenditure or under expenditureAuthorization for capital expenditure Plan is not illustrated herein (it is structured by projects). The annual capital expenditures budget in schedule 46 shows the 19x2 segment. In this company, the major capital expenditure $100 (simplified for case purposes only) or over. "Because of this definition, minor or small capital expenditures are not material in amount; therefore, they are incorporated into the planning of repair costs and are included in the departmental expense budgets. Notice in Schedule 46 that (a) the major capital expenditure for 19x2 are shows in detail, and (b) the 19x3 items in the long-term capital expenditure budget are listed. Also, this short-term budget (for 19x2) shows the planned payments of cash during 19x2 and depreciation information. Cash information is shown because it will be needed to prepare the cash budget (chapter 12). Schedule 47 --budgeted depreciation -- is shown here because it must include depreciation on the new (19x2) capital additions. Data from this schedule will be used to prepare the planned financial statements (see Chapter 13). For instructional purposes, we suggest that you refer to the flexible expense budgets foe superior (schedules 41, 42, and 43 in Chapter 10) and notice to minor repairs planned.
Chapter summary
This chapter discussed the capital expenditures budget. Capital expenditures are planned and controlled in same way for both manufacturing and non manufacturing enterprises. Capital expenditures are for (a) major capital additions such as land, building, major improvement, and maintenance, and (b) minor or small expenditures that should initially be recorded as assets because they help generate future revenues. The capital expenditures budget includes a strategic plan and tactical plan for (a) the major capital expenditures projects and (b) a blanket appropriation for the minor or small expenditures.
A process for planning and controlling capital expenditures is given in exhibit 11-3. The primary problems in developing a capital expenditures budget are (a) the identification, analysis, and evaluation of all relevant capital expenditure alternatives, and (b) based on investment worth, selection of the best alternatives. This chapter discussed approaches to measure investment worth: (a) discounted cash flows (present value) and (b) shortcut and simple methods. The discounted cash flow methods are preferable because they explicitly use the time value of money (i.e., interest).
The chapter also emphasized the control of capital expenditures by using performance reports by responsibility canters and projects. Post completion audits also were discussed as a way to improve the capital budgeting decisions and process.
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Controlling capital expenditures
Planning capital expenditures sets the stage for control. The importance of control of capital expenditures cannot be overemphasized. Control is not solely, nor even primarily, downward pressure on expenditures. Control must rest upon sound management planning that restricts expenditures to economics to economically justifiable additions yet guards against stagnation in the maintenance, replacement, and acquisition of capital assets.
Control of capital expenditures is best understood and implemented if the distinction between major projects and minor expenditures is maintained (see page 395). Major capital expenditures involve large amounts of funds for single projects, and their economic feasibility normally relates to management strategies. On the other hand, minor capital expenditures relate to ongoing operations involving almost all the operating managers.
Controlling major capital expenditures
Inclusion of major capital expenditure projects in the tactical profit plan means that top management has decided to proceed with the project at a specific time. This inclusion, however, should not constitute orders to proceed unilaterally. A system of control that reports to executive management the progress, cost, and status of capital additions throughout the year is essential.
The first element of current control involves authorization to start a project, including the appropriation of funds, even though the project was included in the annual profit plan. For major capital additions projects, top management should reserve the responsibility for this final go-ahead authorization, which may consist of formal or informal notification, depending on the internal situation. The usual practice is to give final approval of major capital additions on a request for capital expenditure form. Exhibit 11-8 shows a typical format.
The second element of current control of major capital expenditures is accumulating data on costs, work progress, and cumulative expenditures on each project in process. As soon as a major capital project is authorized and initiated, cost records should be set up by project number. This record should provide for accumulation of costs by project, by responsibility, and for supplementary information about the progress. The third element of current control is a periodic capital expenditure status report that shows for each project such items as the following:
Cost:
Amount budgeted
Expenditure to date
Outstanding commitments
Amount unexpended per budget
Estimated cost to complete project
Indicated over expenditure or under expenditure
Authorization for capital expenditure
Plan is not illustrated herein (it is structured by projects). The annual capital expenditures budget in schedule 46 shows the 19x2 segment. In this company, the major capital expenditure $100 (simplified for case purposes only) or over. "Because of this definition, minor or small capital expenditures are not material in amount; therefore, they are incorporated into the planning of repair costs and are included in the departmental expense budgets. Notice in Schedule 46 that (a) the major capital expenditure for 19x2 are shows in detail, and (b) the 19x3 items in the long-term capital expenditure budget are listed. Also, this short-term budget (for 19x2) shows the planned payments of cash during 19x2 and depreciation information. Cash information is shown because it will be needed to prepare the cash budget (chapter 12).
Schedule 47 --budgeted depreciation -- is shown here because it must include depreciation on the new (19x2) capital additions. Data from this schedule will be used to prepare the planned financial statements (see Chapter 13). For instructional purposes, we suggest that you refer to the flexible expense budgets foe superior (schedules 41, 42, and 43 in Chapter 10) and notice to minor repairs planned.
Chapter summary
This chapter discussed the capital expenditures budget. Capital expenditures are planned and controlled in same way for both manufacturing and non manufacturing enterprises. Capital expenditures are for (a) major capital additions such as land, building, major improvement, and maintenance, and (b) minor or small expenditures that should initially be recorded as assets because they help generate future revenues. The capital expenditures budget includes a strategic plan and tactical plan for (a) the major capital expenditures projects and (b) a blanket appropriation for the minor or small expenditures.
A process for planning and controlling capital expenditures is given in exhibit 11-3. The primary problems in developing a capital expenditures budget are (a) the identification, analysis, and evaluation of all relevant capital expenditure alternatives, and (b) based on investment worth, selection of the best alternatives. This chapter discussed approaches to measure investment worth: (a) discounted cash flows (present value) and (b) shortcut and simple methods. The discounted cash flow methods are preferable because they explicitly use the time value of money (i.e., interest).
The chapter also emphasized the control of capital expenditures by using performance reports by responsibility canters and projects. Post completion audits also were discussed as a way to improve the capital budgeting decisions and process.
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