A main problem that fostered guerrillaism was a lack of organisational struc- tures in many of the social, political and economic spheres that could guarantee popular participation and efficiency. The third problem that Guevara identified was the inappropriate response to guerrillaism that led not to efficient and partici- patory organisational structures but to a bureaucratisation ‘that put too many restrictions on the initiatives of administrators’ (178). Guevara identified three causes of the growing bureaucratisation: a lack of revolutionary consciousness and, therefore, intrinsic motivation among government and state-run enterprise employees to ‘rendering a service to the state and in overcoming a given situation’ (179); lack of good organisation that curbed spontaneity for deliberative initiative; and, a lack of technical knowledge among workers so that they could take more control and initiative as a block on bureaucratic control. To counter guerrillaism, and its accompanying bureaucratisation, Che proposed the creation of well- defined decision-making structures, more political education to increase revolu- tionary consciousness and intrinsic motivation, and more technical training so that workers could take more initiative and control over the production process and planning. It is in this context, that more directive forms of technical and skills- based education and training become liberatory: when they are an essential tool for worker-students to take leadership roles in the production process and the soci- ety as a whole (Youngman 1986).