Conclusion
This study examined the motivation of community participation
in the PHBM program through a survey at KPH Kendal and data
collected by interviewing 571 respondents. In particular, we have
conducted logit analyses to discuss the effectiveness of the publicly
organized program and the determinants of people's motivation for
community participation at each of the three participation levels:
nominal, active, and managerial. The three-step analysis has shown
some heterogeneous responses across different participation levels The first step regression shows that when people are farmers or
hold less land, then they have more incentive to be nominal participants.
Most importantly, less educated people have more
incentive for community participation at the nominal level, which
also implies that highly educated people hesitate to become
members at the entry stage. However, the second and third step regressions show that
highly educated people have more incentive for community
participation at the active and managerial levels, which is in sharp
contrast with the first step regression. Our argument is that once
highly educated people become members of the community forest
and gain more knowledge about the intent or effectiveness of the
PHBM program, they are more willing to cooperate or become
practically involved in the program. This type of participation incentives
may be driven by intrinsic motivation, as such higher
levels of participation do not guarantee higher material payoffs or
gratification to those in the PHBM program's current framework,
and standard utility maximization may not be a good argument for
this finding. That is, highly educated people appear to realize the
importance of community forestry programs from social and
environmental protection points of view after being nominal participants.
We argue that they have higher intrinsic motivation to
voluntarily participate in the program
ConclusionThis study examined the motivation of community participationin the PHBM program through a survey at KPH Kendal and datacollected by interviewing 571 respondents. In particular, we haveconducted logit analyses to discuss the effectiveness of the publiclyorganized program and the determinants of people's motivation forcommunity participation at each of the three participation levels:nominal, active, and managerial. The three-step analysis has shownsome heterogeneous responses across different participation levels The first step regression shows that when people are farmers orhold less land, then they have more incentive to be nominal participants.Most importantly, less educated people have moreincentive for community participation at the nominal level, whichalso implies that highly educated people hesitate to becomemembers at the entry stage. However, the second and third step regressions show thathighly educated people have more incentive for communityparticipation at the active and managerial levels, which is in sharpcontrast with the first step regression. Our argument is that oncehighly educated people become members of the community forestand gain more knowledge about the intent or effectiveness of thePHBM program, they are more willing to cooperate or becomepractically involved in the program. This type of participation incentivesmay be driven by intrinsic motivation, as such higherlevels of participation do not guarantee higher material payoffs orgratification to those in the PHBM program's current framework,and standard utility maximization may not be a good argument forthis finding. That is, highly educated people appear to realize theimportance of community forestry programs from social andenvironmental protection points of view after being nominal participants.We argue that they have higher intrinsic motivation tovoluntarily participate in the program
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