Bady’s (1979) work differed from early efforts in that he focused on a particular aspect of students’ understanding of nature of science. Specifically, he investigated students’ understandings of the logic of hypothesis testing. His sample included 20 9th-grade students and 20 11th-grade students from a large urban school, as well as 33 9th-grade and 41 12th-grade students from a small private boys’ school. Using the Johnson-Laird and Wason (1972) task to assess subjects’ understandings of hypothesis testing, he found that most students, regardless of school or grade level, believed that hypotheses can be adequately tested and proved by verification. He concluded that such students are likely to have a simplistic and naively absolutist view of the nature of scientific hypotheses and theories. Similarly, during the development of the Nature of Scientific Knowledge Scale, Rubba (Rubba, 1977; Rubba & Andersen, 1978) found that 30 percent of the high school students surveyed believed that scientific research reveals incontrovertible and necessary absolute truth. Additionally, most of Rubba’s sample believed that scientific theories, with constant testing and confirmation, eventually mature into laws. With a sample of 102 highability 7th- and 8th-grade students, Rubba, Horner, and Smith (1981) attempted to assess students’ adherence to the ideas that laws are mature theories and that laws represent absolute truth. The results indicated that the students, on the whole, tended to be “neutral” with respect to both of these ideas. The authors were particularly concerned about the results, because the sample consisted of students who were considered to be the most capable and interested in science.