Appendices 2 and Y (1-2) of the ASME code Sec. VIII cover flanges with a ring gasket located within the bolt circle and flanges with metal to metal contact outside the bolt circle, respectively. The first one was developed by Waters et al. (3) and the second one was developed by Schneider and co-worker (4-5). Bolted joints used in conjunction with soft gaskets over the full face of the flange have no specific design rules, and the two mentioned appendices are not really suitable for such applications. Full face gaskets are extensively used in the industry due to their simple and economical design, and low contact stress sealing requirements. The latter is generally achieved by the use of soft gaskets such as those based on rubber, elastomers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and fibers. The design of full face flanges (FFFs) should minimize both separation at the bore and flange rotation. In the absence of a specific standard design procedure, full face flanges are sized by trial and error, or by an approximate extension of the Taylor Forge method (6). In this case, it is at the designer’s discretion and judgment to apply the design formulas from both Appendix 2 and the rigidity requirements of Appendix M (7).
The subject of full face flange design is limited to the work conducted by very few researchers. The most significant contribution was a paper published by Blach et al. (8-9), in which the behavior of a full faced flange connection was analyzed using simplifying assumptions. The flexibility of the flange and the connecting shell was introduced in the analysis. However, the flexibility of the gasket and the bolts were ignored while the elastic interaction between the initial bolt-up and operation was not considered. Sawa and co-worker (10-11) analyzed the gasket contact stress using a three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The mechanical behavior of the gasket was considered to be linear, and the pipe, flange, and gasket were treated as hollow cylinders.
Any reliable design method should encompass all joint member flexibilities that are required in the analysis to determine the bolt load variation accurately. The leakage performance analysis relies very much on the ability of the model to predict the gasket load and flange rotation. With these two parameters, the gasket contact stress can be deduced from the load compression curves (12-13).
This paper presents an analytical solution for full face gaskets based on a rigorous flexibility analysis of the joint in which the gasket, flange, and bolt flexibilities, and their elastic interactions are modeled. The operating gasket compression load and rotation of two full face gasketed joints used in conjunction with two different gasket materials are compared against numerical finite element analysis (FEA) and SUPERFLANGE program (14-16) to confirm the suitability of the proposed analytical approach.
Appendices 2 and Y (1-2) of the ASME code Sec. VIII cover flanges with a ring gasket located within the bolt circle and flanges with metal to metal contact outside the bolt circle, respectively. The first one was developed by Waters et al. (3) and the second one was developed by Schneider and co-worker (4-5). Bolted joints used in conjunction with soft gaskets over the full face of the flange have no specific design rules, and the two mentioned appendices are not really suitable for such applications. Full face gaskets are extensively used in the industry due to their simple and economical design, and low contact stress sealing requirements. The latter is generally achieved by the use of soft gaskets such as those based on rubber, elastomers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and fibers. The design of full face flanges (FFFs) should minimize both separation at the bore and flange rotation. In the absence of a specific standard design procedure, full face flanges are sized by trial and error, or by an approximate extension of the Taylor Forge method (6). In this case, it is at the designer’s discretion and judgment to apply the design formulas from both Appendix 2 and the rigidity requirements of Appendix M (7).The subject of full face flange design is limited to the work conducted by very few researchers. The most significant contribution was a paper published by Blach et al. (8-9), in which the behavior of a full faced flange connection was analyzed using simplifying assumptions. The flexibility of the flange and the connecting shell was introduced in the analysis. However, the flexibility of the gasket and the bolts were ignored while the elastic interaction between the initial bolt-up and operation was not considered. Sawa and co-worker (10-11) analyzed the gasket contact stress using a three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The mechanical behavior of the gasket was considered to be linear, and the pipe, flange, and gasket were treated as hollow cylinders.Any reliable design method should encompass all joint member flexibilities that are required in the analysis to determine the bolt load variation accurately. The leakage performance analysis relies very much on the ability of the model to predict the gasket load and flange rotation. With these two parameters, the gasket contact stress can be deduced from the load compression curves (12-13).This paper presents an analytical solution for full face gaskets based on a rigorous flexibility analysis of the joint in which the gasket, flange, and bolt flexibilities, and their elastic interactions are modeled. The operating gasket compression load and rotation of two full face gasketed joints used in conjunction with two different gasket materials are compared against numerical finite element analysis (FEA) and SUPERFLANGE program (14-16) to confirm the suitability of the proposed analytical approach.
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