One major advantage of aquaponics is its high nitrogen utilization
efficiency (NUE). Nitrogen is a vital element for all living
organisms, and protein-rich fish feed which is the major source
of nitrogen for fish cultivation, representing 50–70% of fish production
costs . In aquaculture system, only about
25% of the nitrogen input is harvested through fish biomass, and
over 70% is excreted into the surrounding environment in the form of ammonia