continued to significantly
predict later reduced PPVT
scores. Similarly, in Model 3, even with
the addition of the control for maternal
cognitive capacity (WAIS-R Similarities
score), high-frequency paternal spanking
continued to be a more powerful
predictor of later PPVT scores. Model 4
added in the final controls of child externalizing
behavior and PPVT score at
age 3, which as expected were both
significant predictors of age 9 PPVT
performance. Here we see a decrease in
the estimated effect of high-frequency paternal spanking