Although van den Broeke does not explicitly refer to Kotler’s model, the phases in his
model show several similarities. The appearance of Van den Broeke’s model, however,
it quite different because it also contains several scale levels, taking into account the
interaction between the portfolio level and lower geographical levels (see Figure 3).
Another example of a planning process model developed for the Dutch social
housing sector is from Van Os (2007, 2008). As Van den Broeke’s model, his model also
contains aggregation levels. It distinguishes between two policy cycles: one cycle
running from the strategic level to the tactical level and then back to the strategic level,
the other cycle running from the operational level to the tactical level and then back to
the operational level. Both cycles meet at the tactical level, where the investment
options for the individual estates or buildings are formulated. Unlike former models,
Van Os’ model shows that these investment options are not only formulated at the
strategic level of the respective organisation, but also at the operational level. We will
return to this issue later in this paper. The model is depicted in Figure 4.