2.2. Study design
Each forest range was treated as a sampling block, and each management type (betel agroforest, teak plantation and unmanaged secondary forest) was considered a treatment that occurred in each forest range. For each treatment, we established six replicate sites that were located across the forest ranges in an unbalanced design, such that each range contained at least one replicate of each treatment (see Appendix A). In each replicate site we randomly located three forest plots for data collection. Therefore we established 18 0.01-ha forest plots per treatment and a total of 54 plots. Allstandsusedweresimilarinageclass,priormanagement history, distance to edges with other cover types, and previously unburned according to detailed interviews with local residents and Forest Department staff. The forests were state reserves from the 19th century through the post-colonial period, comprising mixtures of native forest and plantations of varying rotation lengths. They were cleared from 1950 to 1966, then either abandoned (becoming secondary forests) or planted with timber (teak) or betel (agroforests). Details on study system and sampling are in Appendix A.
S.A. Quazi, T. Ticktin/Forest Ecology and Management 366 (2016) 118–134 119