One study of 11 urban areas in the United States and Canada that took these pricing strategies into account estimated a price elasticity of –0.33. This somewhat lower estimate may be related to consumers keeping consumption at a kink point of one of the blocks or reacting to changes in the block prices. The estimated income elasticity of demand (+0.13) was also low compared with other studies where results ranged from 0.2 to 0.6. This difference may have resulted from the statistical estimation techniques used in the study.